typescript-best-practices

name	typescript-best-practices
description	TypeScript best practices. Use when reading or editing any .ts or .tsx file.

TypeScript best practices

Apply the principle-type-system-discipline skill first; this skill grounds it in TypeScript syntax.

Rule	Summary
Discriminated unions	Model variants with a kind literal discriminant so impossible states can't be represented. No optional-field bags.
Branded types	Brand primitives with & { readonly __brand: "X" } so they can't be mixed up. Validate once at creation.
Constructive modeling	Build the shape so the illegal value can't be constructed. [T, ...T[]] for non-empty, [T, T][] for even length, start plus duration for a range. Not a runtime guard, not a wish for refinement types.
Simplest total type	Keep T[] while every operation on it stays total. Strengthen to NonEmpty<T> only where the loose type forces !, a cast, or a "should never happen" throw.
unknown over any	External data is unknown. any disables type checking everywhere it touches.
No as casts	Every as is a runtime crash waiting. Cast only after validation.
Narrowing hierarchy	Discriminant switch > in operator > typeof/instanceof > user-defined type guard > as.
Type guards	Must verify the claim. A lying guard is worse than as because the bug hides behind a name that says it's safe. Name them isX or hasX.
Exhaustiveness	Inline const _exhaustive: never = x; in default arms so the compiler errors when a new variant is added.
satisfies over as	Validates the value without widening literal types.
Boundary validation	Parse where data crosses in, into a named domain type. Record<string, unknown> (however spelled) stops at that parse. Trust types inside. See principle-boundary-discipline.
Schema-derived types	Reach for Pick/Omit/Parameters/ReturnType/Awaited/typeof before declaring a new interface.
Object args	Pass objects, not positional, so argument order is self-documenting. Skip on hot paths (per-frame render, tokenizers, parsers).
Real tests	Don't mock what you can run. Prefer the framework's real test primitives with leak/disposable checks, and verify UI in a running build. Mock only what you can't run locally.
Structured telemetry	Prefer structured logger diagnostics with enough context to debug from an id. No console.log in shipped code.

Examples: references/patterns.md.