ai-writing-detector

name	ai-writing-detector
description	Use when: (1) User asks to "review for AI writing" or "check for LLM signs" (2) User wants to "detect AI-generated text" or "humanize this document" (3) User wants to identify and fix signs of AI/LLM-generated writing (4) User mentions Wikipedia AI writing guidelines
author	cajias
version	1.0.0
date	2025-01-27T00:00:00.000Z

AI Writing Detector Skill

Problem

AI-generated text often contains telltale signs that reduce credibility and readability. Users need a systematic way to identify and fix these patterns.

Context/Trigger

This skill activates when the user asks to:

• "review for AI writing"
• "check for LLM signs"
• "detect AI-generated text"
• "humanize this document"
• Any variation asking to identify and fix signs of AI/LLM-generated writing

Based on Wikipedia's comprehensive guide: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signs_of_AI_writing

Important Caveats

• These are potential signs, not definitive proof
• Many patterns existed in human writing before LLMs
• False accusations harm collaboration and trust
• Context matters - consider the full picture
• Do NOT solely rely on AI detection tools (GPTZero, etc.) - they have significant error rates

Detection Categories

1. CONTENT ISSUES

1.1 Undue Emphasis on Symbolism/Legacy/Importance

Pattern: Puffing up importance with vague statements about broader significance.

Red flags:

• "marking a pivotal moment in..."
• "represents a significant shift toward..."
• "highlighting the enduring legacy of..."
• "reflects the transformative power of..."
• "contributes to the broader history of..."
• "plays a role in the ecosystem"
• "vital not only for X but also for Y"

Fix: Remove vague importance claims. State specific, verifiable facts instead.

1.2 Undue Emphasis on Notability/Attribution

Pattern: Hitting readers over the head with claims of notability.

Red flags:

• "has been featured in Wired, Refinery29, and other prominent media outlets"
• "maintains an active social media presence"
• "independent coverage" (echoing Wikipedia guidelines)
• Listing media outlets without context of what they said

Fix: Remove media listing unless relevant. Cite specific claims, not general coverage.

1.3 Superficial Analyses

Pattern: Attaching "-ing" phrases claiming significance without evidence.

Red flags:

• "highlighting its significance as..."
• "underscoring its role in..."
• "reflecting the influence of..."
• "emphasizing the importance of..."
• "illustrating X's lasting influence"
• Inanimate subjects "highlighting" or "underscoring" things

Fix: Remove editorial commentary. Let facts speak for themselves.

1.4 Promotional/Advertisement Language

Pattern: Sounds like a travel brochure or product pitch.

Red flags:

• "Nestled within the breathtaking region of..."
• "offers visitors a fascinating glimpse into..."
• "seamlessly connecting..."
• "showcasing the state's rich heritage"
• "communicates a powerful emotional presence"
• "dependable, value-driven experiences"

Fix: Use neutral, factual language. Remove superlatives and marketing speak.

1.5 Didactic Disclaimers

Pattern: Telling the reader what's "important to remember."

Red flags:

• "It's important to note that..."
• "It is crucial to differentiate..."
• "It's important to remember..."
• "However, it should be noted..."

Fix: Remove meta-commentary. Just state the information.

1.6 Section Summaries

Pattern: Restating what was just said.

Red flags:

• "In summary,..."
• "Conclusion" sections that just repeat content
• Paragraphs ending with restatement of their main point

Fix: Remove redundant summaries. Trust the reader.

1.7 "Challenges and Future Prospects" Formula

Pattern: Rigid outline with challenges section followed by optimistic conclusion.

Red flags:

• "Despite its [positive words], X faces challenges..."
• "Future investments in X could enhance..."
• "Despite these challenges, X continues to..."
• Separate "Challenges" and "Future Prospects" sections

Fix: Integrate challenges naturally. Remove speculation about future.

1.8 Treating Titles as Proper Nouns

Pattern: Article titles introduced as if they were standalone real-world entities.

Red flags:

• "The 'Effects of X on Y' refers to..."
• "The 'List of X' is a curated compilation..."
• Treating a descriptive title as a named thing

Fix: Write naturally. Don't define the article title as if it's a concept.

1.9 "Outlines of Negatives" Pattern

Pattern: Short sentences listing absent things with "no..., no..., just..."

Red flags:

• "No long-form profiles. No editorial insights. No coverage. Just recaps."
• "Not a career, not a body of work - just an algorithmic moment."
• "What matters is X, not Y, not Z."

Fix: Write in complete sentences. Explain what IS rather than what ISN'T.

---

2. LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR

2.1 Overused "AI Vocabulary" Words

High-frequency AI words (especially when multiple appear together):

Category	Words
Verbs	delve, underscore, highlight, emphasize, showcase, leverage, navigate, foster, spearhead, bolster, fortify, grapple, hone, underpin, broaden, elevate, streamline, harness
Adjectives	crucial, pivotal, intricate, nuanced, comprehensive, multifaceted, robust, innovative, seamless, holistic, groundbreaking, cutting-edge, meticulous, versatile, dynamic
Nouns	tapestry, landscape, paradigm, realm, synergy, trajectory, cornerstone, catalyst, beacon, testament, hallmark, confluence, nexus, mosaic, bedrock
Phrases	"rich tapestry", "broader landscape", "key/integral/pivotal role", "significant/notable/remarkable", "a testament to", "poised to", "at the forefront"

Fix: Replace with simpler, more specific language.

2.2 Negative Parallelisms

Pattern: "Not only... but also..." or "It's not just about X, it's about Y"

Red flags:

• "constitutes not only X, but Y"
• "It's not just about the X; it's about the Y"
• Across sentences: "However, X took a path that..."

Fix: Simplify to direct statements.

2.3 Rule of Three

Pattern: Everything comes in threes: "adjective, adjective, and adjective"

Red flags:

• "global SEO professionals, marketing experts, and growth hackers"
• "keynote sessions, panel discussions, and networking opportunities"
• Suspiciously consistent use of three-item lists

Fix: Vary list lengths. Use specific examples instead of categories.

2.4 Vague Attributions (Weasel Words)

Pattern: Attributing claims to unnamed authorities.

Red flags:

• "has been described as..."
• "is of interest to researchers"
• "is described in scholarship as..."
• "Efforts are ongoing to..."
• "Experts believe..."

Fix: Name specific sources or remove the claim.

2.5 Elegant Variation

Pattern: Using different synonyms for the same thing to avoid repetition.

Red flags:

• Subject called by name, then "the protagonist", then "the key figure", then "the artist"
• Artificially varying vocabulary for the same concept

Fix: Repeat terms when clarity requires it. Consistent terminology is fine.

2.6 False Ranges

Pattern: "From X to Y" where X and Y aren't actually endpoints of a coherent scale.

Red flags:

• "from the singularity of the Big Bang to the grand cosmic web"
• "from problem-solving and tool-making to scientific discovery"
• Ranges where middle ground doesn't make sense

Fix: List items normally or describe the actual range if one exists.

---

3. STYLE AND FORMATTING

3.1 Title Case in Headings

Pattern: Capitalizing All Main Words In Section Headings

Fix: Use sentence case (only capitalize first word and proper nouns).

3.2 Excessive Boldface

Pattern: Bolding key terms, definitions, or "takeaways" throughout.

Red flags:

• Every concept bolded on first mention
• "Key takeaways" style formatting
• Sales-pitch-like emphasis

Fix: Reserve bold for article title and critical disambiguation only.

3.3 Inline-Header Vertical Lists

Pattern: Lists with "Header: description" format.

Red flags:

• "1. Historical Context: The world was..."
• "- Key Takeaway: This shows that..."
• Numbered lists with inline bold headers

Fix: Use proper headings or write in prose.

3.4 Emoji Usage

Pattern: Emojis in headings or bullet points.

Red flags:

• "Cognitive Dissonance Pattern:"
• "Key facts:"
• "Traditional Sanskrit Name:"

Fix: Remove all emojis from technical/formal documents.

3.5 Excessive Em Dashes

Pattern: Overuse of em dashes (-) in formulaic ways.

Red flags:

• Multiple em dashes per paragraph
• Em dashes used where commas would suffice
• Sales-pitch-like punchy clauses set off by em dashes

Fix: Replace most em dashes with commas, parentheses, or periods.

3.6 Curly Quotes and Apostrophes

Pattern: Using "curly" quotes instead of "straight" quotes.

Note: This alone isn't proof - Word and iOS also do this.

3.7 Markdown in Non-Markdown Contexts

Pattern: Markdown syntax appearing where it shouldn't.

Red flags:

• **bold** or *italic* not rendered
• ## Heading appearing as text
• [link](url) syntax
• Triple backticks (```)

Fix: Convert to proper format for the target platform.

---

4. TECHNICAL ARTIFACTS

4.1 ChatGPT Reference Bugs

Definitive AI markers:

• turn0search0, turn0image0
• :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
• [oai_citation:0source.com]
• [attached_file:1]
• <grok_card> tags
• ({"attribution":{"attributableIndex":"X-Y"}})

Fix: Remove entirely. These are copy-paste artifacts.

4.2 UTM Parameters

Pattern: URLs with utm_source=chatgpt.com or utm_source=openai

Note: Proves ChatGPT was used for research, not necessarily that text is AI-generated.

4.3 Knowledge Cutoff Disclaimers

Pattern: Disclaimers about information being current "as of" a date.

Red flags:

• "As of my last knowledge update in January 2022..."
• "While specific information is limited..."
• "Though the details aren't widely documented, they likely..."
• "No significant controversies have been documented as of..."

Fix: Remove disclaimers. Verify and update information.

4.4 Prompt Refusals

Pattern: AI declining to do something.

Red flags:

• "As an AI language model, I can't..."
• "I'm not able to directly..."

Fix: Obviously remove. Indicates zero review of output.

4.5 Placeholder Text

Pattern: Fill-in-the-blank templates.

Red flags:

• [Entertainer's Name]
• [Describe the specific section...]
• 2025-xx-xx dates
• <!-- Add if available with citation -->

Fix: Fill in or remove placeholders.

4.6 Subject Lines in Body Text

Pattern: Email subject lines pasted into document.

Red flags:

• "Subject: Request for Permission to Edit..."
• "Subject: Edit Request for..."

Fix: Remove subject lines entirely.

4.7 Collaborative Communication Artifacts

Pattern: AI advice/prewriting meant for user, not final content.

Red flags:

• "In this section, we will discuss..."
• "If you plan to add this information..."
• "Here's a template for your..."
• "Would you like me to..."
• References to "Wikipedia's guidelines" in body text

Fix: Remove meta-commentary. Keep only final content.

4.8 Broken/Hallucinated References

Pattern: Citations that don't exist or are fabricated.

Red flags:

• DOIs that resolve to unrelated articles
• Invalid ISBN checksums
• URLs returning 404 errors (especially if never archived)
• Author names that don't match the time period
• Book citations without page numbers

Fix: Verify every citation. Remove or replace hallucinated ones.

4.9 Verbose Edit Summaries

Pattern: Unusually long, formal edit summaries.

Red flags:

• First-person paragraph explanations
• Itemizing Wikipedia conventions
• "Refined the language... ensured neutrality... adhered to encyclopedic standards"

Fix: Use concise edit summaries.

4.10 Abrupt Cutoffs

Pattern: Text ending mid-sentence or mid-thought.

Red flags:

• Sentences that just stop
• <|endoftext|> markers
• Content that seems incomplete

Fix: Complete or remove truncated content.

4.11 Footnote Markers

Pattern: LLM-specific footnote syntax.

Red flags:

• <- characters indicating footnotes
• Unusual footnote numbering like <- <-2

Fix: Convert to standard citation format.

---

5. BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS

5.1 Sudden Style Shift

Pattern: Writing quality dramatically changes from editor's usual style.

Red flags:

• Sudden flawless grammar from editor with consistent errors elsewhere
• Complete change in vocabulary sophistication
• Different sentence structure patterns

Note: Be careful - people improve, and non-native speakers vary.

5.2 English Variety Mismatch

Pattern: American English from Indian user writing about Indian topic.

Red flags:

• LLMs default to American English
• User's location suggests different variety
• Topic's national context suggests different variety

Note: Non-native speakers often mix varieties naturally.

5.3 Date Considerations

Pattern: Text added before ChatGPT launch (Nov 30, 2022).

Fact: Pre-November 2022 text is almost certainly human-written.

---

6. FALSE POSITIVES TO AVOID

These are NOT reliable AI indicators:

• Perfect grammar (skilled writers exist)
• "Bland" or "robotic" prose (LLMs are actually effusive, not bland)
• Fancy/academic words (LLMs statistically favor common words)
• Formal letter-like writing (humans wrote letters before LLMs)
• Use of conjunctions (normal in essays)
• Bizarre wikitext (often browser extension bugs, not AI)
• Low-frequency unusual words (AI avoids these statistically)

Remember:

• AI detection tools have significant error rates
• Experts correctly identify AI ~90% of the time (10% false accusations)
• Non-experts do barely better than random chance
• False accusations drive away contributors

---

Review Process

When reviewing a document, iterate through these steps:

Pass 1: Scan for Technical Artifacts

Look for definitive markers (turn0search, contentReference, utm_source, etc.)

Pass 2: Check Vocabulary

Highlight overused AI words. Count occurrences.

Pass 3: Analyze Structure

• Are there rigid "Challenges/Future Prospects" sections?
• Excessive rule-of-three patterns?
• Section summaries that just repeat content?

Pass 4: Examine Claims

• Vague importance claims?
• Superficial analyses ("highlighting", "underscoring")?
• Weasel words and vague attributions?

Pass 5: Review Style

• Title case headings?
• Excessive bold/em dashes?
• Emojis or markdown artifacts?

Pass 6: Apply Fixes

For each issue found:

1. Identify the specific problematic text
2. Explain why it's an AI marker
3. Provide a concrete fix
4. Apply the fix

Pass 7: Verify

Re-read the document to ensure:

• Fixes don't introduce new problems
• Document still makes sense
• No AI markers remain

---

Usage Instructions

When I invoke this skill, I will:

1. Read the target document
2. Perform all 7 passes of the review process
3. Generate a report listing:
   • Issues found (with line references)
   • Category of each issue
   • Suggested fix for each issue
4. Apply fixes to the document
5. Re-review the updated document
6. Repeat until no issues remain or only false-positive-prone items remain

Example Invocation

User: "Review this ADR for AI writing signs"

Assistant:

1. Reads the document

2. Performs systematic review using the categories above

3. Reports findings like:

   Line 45: "marking a pivotal moment" - Undue emphasis (1.1)
   Fix: Remove. State the specific significance if any.
   
   Line 67: "highlighting its crucial role" - Superficial analysis (1.3)
   Fix: Remove "-ing" clause. Let facts speak.
   
   Line 89: "comprehensive, robust, and innovative" - Rule of three + AI vocab (2.1, 2.3)
   Fix: Use specific description instead.
   

4. Applies fixes

5. Re-reviews until clean