harmonyos-development

name

harmonyos-development

description

Use when developing, reviewing, debugging, or migrating HarmonyOS NEXT native apps with ArkTS, ArkUI, DevEco Studio, DevEco Code, DevEco CLI, Agent Framework Kit, Stage model, UIAbility, .ets, module.json5, oh-package.json5, HAP/HSP/HAR, API 22-24, API 26 Beta1, HarmonyOS 6.1, HarmonyOS 6.1.1 Release, HarmonyOS 7 preview, HarmonyOS 26.0.0 Beta1, state management decorators, Navigation/NavPathStack, ArkTS concurrency, permissions, persistence, networking, media, Camera Kit, Scan Kit, Map Kit, Push Kit, Payment Kit, App Linking, Share Kit, Weather Service Kit, ArkGuard, APIAVAILABLE, ContainerReader, jsLeakWatcher, Linux CI, testing, performance, or common 鸿蒙开发 workflows.

HarmonyOS (鸿蒙) Development

Covers HarmonyOS 6.1 (API 23, stable) / 6.1.1 (API 24, Release) / HarmonyOS 7 developer preview (API 26 Beta1) / NEXT native app development — the Huawei mobile OS family that runs independently of Android (AOSP-free since HarmonyOS NEXT, released 2024). Primary language is ArkTS (a strict, statically-checked superset of TypeScript) and the primary UI framework is ArkUI (declarative, state-driven). Use API 24 Release as the default production baseline; use API 26 Beta1 only for preview, adaptation, and early compatibility work.

Platform snapshot

Item	Value
OS	HarmonyOS 6.1 (stable, released 2026/04/20, API 23). HarmonyOS 6.1.1 (Release, released 2026/05/26, API 24). HarmonyOS 7 / 26.0.0 Beta1 (developer preview, released 2026/06/12, API 26). Pure HarmonyOS, AOSP-free
Language	ArkTS (primary), Cangjie (beta), C/C++ via NAPI
UI framework	ArkUI declarative (ArkUI-X for cross-platform)
Compiler	ArkCompiler — AOT to native machine code; LiteActor concurrency
Package manager	ohpm — oh-package.json5; registry at DevEco Service (OHPM Central)
IDE	DevEco Studio 6.1.1 Release (6.1.1.280; API 24 production). DevEco Studio 26.0.0 Beta1 (26.0.0.461; API 26 preview)
App model	Stage model (FA model is legacy — don't use in new apps)
Packaging	HAP (entry/feature), HSP (shared package), HAR (static archive), atomic .app
Recommended API	Use API 24 Release for production. Use API 26 Beta1 only for HarmonyOS 7 preview/adaptation.
Sample catalog	https://developer.huawei.com/consumer/cn/samples/

Release timeline (recent):

• HarmonyOS 6.0.1(21) — 2025/11/25 (initial stable with Mate 80 series)
• HarmonyOS 6.0.2(22) — 2026/01/23 (incremental update)
• HarmonyOS 6.0.0.328 Pollen Beta(23) — 2026/02/28 (closed beta, 25 models)
• HarmonyOS 6.1(23) — 2026/04/20 (stable general release)
• HarmonyOS 6.1.1(24) Beta 1 — 2026/04/30 (developer beta)
• HarmonyOS 6.1.1(24) Release — 2026/05/26 (API 24 Release; DevEco Studio 6.1.1.280)
• HarmonyOS 7 / 26.0.0 Beta1 — 2026/06/12 (API 26 developer preview; DevEco Studio 26.0.0.461)

What's new in API 23 (HarmonyOS 6.1)

ArkUI enhancements:

• Navigation supports binding the routing stack to the component itself and specifying a NavDestination as the navigation bar (home page) — no more separate root container needed
• Menu adds anchorPosition property: control popup position relative to upper-left of anchor with horizontal/vertical offsets
• Image component improved SVG parsing capabilities
• Batch of new C APIs for attribute styles (Native side)

New C-side capabilities (Native/NAPI):

• UDMF (Unified Data Management Framework) C APIs
• Component drag-and-drop C APIs
• Cryptographic algorithm C APIs

Data:

• relationalStore enhanced sendable function — better cross-thread data passing

Graphics & AI:

• AI super frame feature in Graphics Accelerate Kit (frame interpolation for smoother animations)

ArkWeb: further capability enhancements (intercept/cookies)

What's new in API 24 (HarmonyOS 6.1.1 Release)

Version baseline: API 24 is now a Release SDK (not only Beta). Use DevEco Studio 6.1.1 Release (6.1.1.280), HarmonyOS SDK 6.1.1 Release, Hvigor 6.24.2, ohpm 6.1.2.268, and Node.js 18.20.1 for API 24 projects.

Release additions over Beta1:

• Ability Kit — AbilityStage adds callbacks before the first Ability is created and when a process starts from an application snapshot.
• ArkTS — adds enableLocalHandleDetection to keep EventHandler/libuv tasks inside the intended scope and avoid leaks; XML parsing adds XmlSAXHandler callbacks for SAX-style parsing.
• ArkWeb — download completion callbacks can retrieve the original URL and referrer URL.
• Call Service Kit — enterprise call service lookup for incoming/outgoing phone numbers.
• Camera Kit professional controls — flash-state event subscribe/unsubscribe; OIS query/set; lens focal length/equivalent focal length/min focus distance/distortion/intrinsic calibration/sensor size/pixel array/color-filter data; logical camera composition; auto/manual exposure; manual focus; ISO; physical aperture.
• CANN Kit — large-language-model inference acceleration APIs on PC devices.
• MDM Kit — manage hidden settings entries for the current user.

Beta1 additions still relevant in API 24 Release:

• Camera Kit "Follow the Person" — automatic camera tracking API that keeps a person centered in frame via real-time crop/zoom. Useful for video calls, workout recording, vlogging:

  // Conceptual API — full signature in official docs
  cameraSession.enableSubjectTracking(camera.TrackingMode.PERSON);
  

• Delayed preview output — add delayed preview directly to the stream pipeline instead of normal preview output, and configure its Surface separately.
• ArkTS VM diagnostics — heap information per VM thread, heap-warning callbacks after GC, and taskpool.execute() timeout settings.
• ArkUI — parallel-window state query, custom component migration across Ability instances, dynamic layout container, root node lookup for UIContext, async drag-drop decisions, onNeedSoftkeyboard, Canvas/OffscreenCanvas antialias, Tabs nested scrolling, multiline ellipsis modes (MULTILINE_START, MULTILINE_CENTER).
• ArkWeb — User-Agent Client Hints, default context-menu switch, URL whitelist and load/jump security controls.
• Audio Kit — independent audio session strategy/behavior for capture/rendering, plus OH_MIDI C APIs for USB/BLE MIDI devices.
• New/expanded Kits — Content Embed Kit, Enterprise Threat Protection Kit, FAST Kit, NearLink Kit, Network Boost Kit, Screen Time Guard Kit, Device Security Kit, Desktop Extension Kit.
• DevEco Studio — API 24 projects, Hot Reload for C++ and resource edits, expanded AppFreeze parsing, ComMemory UI memory analysis, strictCheckerOnly for faster strict syntax checks.

HarmonyOS 7 / API 26 Beta1 preview (2026/06/12)

Status (checked 2026/07/25): developer Beta, not the default production baseline. Huawei has not published API 26 Beta2, RC, or Release. Mention API 26 features only when the user asks about HarmonyOS 7, API 26, HDC 2026, preview adaptation, or Beta1 capabilities. For production code, prefer API 24 Release unless the project explicitly targets API 26 preview.

Developer kit baseline: HarmonyOS SDK 26.0.0 Beta1 (OpenHarmony SDK Ohos_sdk_public 26.0.0.23, API Version 26.0.0 Beta1) and DevEco Studio 26.0.0 Beta1 (26.0.0.461). Toolchain: HarmonyOS Emulator 26.0.0.200, Hvigor/hvigorw 6.26.1, ohpm 26.0.0.410, Node.js 24.14.1, hstack 6.0.0, compileSdkVersion: "26.0.0", targetSdkVersion: "4.0.0(10)~26.0.0".

Version-number rule: Starting with API 26.0.0, HarmonyOS developer kit API versions use SemVer (X.Y.Z) instead of the legacy X.Y.Z(N) format. X means a major version with substantial capabilities or adaptation-impacting changes, Y means a minor version with new capabilities, and Z means compatible fixes/small improvements.

High-value API 26 Beta1 changes:

• Ability Kit — AgentCard support; ArkTS script-based app Skill development; package-name + clone-index app name lookup; ArkTS APIs for script management; C APIs for ModularObjectExtensionAbility.
• Accessibility Kit — system care mode integration for elder-friendly app experiences.
• Accessory Kit — new Kit for accessory wake-up, system service linkage, on-demand scheduling, and secure trust management.
• Account Kit — LoginWithHuaweiIDButton supports custom multilingual text and loading animation.
• AR Engine — C API camera flash control; ArkTS preview stream image access; 3D Gaussian model loading; ArkTS/C APIs for external camera and sensor data.
• ArkUI / UI Design — system material configuration for Toggle, Tips, Toast, dialogs, menus, popups, custom dialogs, half modals, and Popup; component-level immersive light perception; global reuse pools for @Reusable / @ReusableV2; standard floating windows; title-area customization updates.
• ArkWeb — Chromium kernel upgraded from 132 to 144; new security configuration options.
• AVCodec Kit — H.265 hardware encoder CBRHQ mode; Audio Vivid encoding and C APIs.
• AVSession Kit — new extra-key enum values for scenario-specific AVSession metadata.
• Background Tasks Kit — reminder countdown instances add repeatInterval and repeatCount.
• Core File Kit — UNCACHE open option, recursive listFileExt, mmap-based file mapping, and sharing an app sandbox directory as system-visible.
• Core Vision Kit — image super-resolution and semantic text search over images.
• Data Augmentation Kit — mail intelligence handler for classification, summarization, and todo extraction.
• Device Security Kit — enhanced Star Shield confidential risk-control engine, unified risk-control credentials, privacy policy controls for camera/microphone/location, and file-event subscription/filtering.
• Driver Development Kit — query external USB hubs and develop user-mode drivers.
• Enterprise Data Guard Kit — file classification policy APIs getPolicy and isKia.
• Enterprise Space Kit — query dual-space state and determine whether the workspace is enterprise space.

API 26 behavior and UX changes to watch during adaptation:

• Ability Kit — public package-change common events (COMMON_EVENT_PACKAGE_ADDED, REMOVED, CHANGED, CACHE_CLEARED) add controls for In-House apps when targetSdkVersion >= 26.0.0; In-House apps must configure allowListenBundleChangedEvent in app.json5 for third-party listeners.
• ArkTS / JSVM — Chromium/V8 core upgrades 132 → 144; async function type detection is fixed; Wasm jitless default behavior changes; fastConvertToJSObject now preserves sibling text nodes when parsing XML.
• ArkUI — NodeAdapter.onAttachToNode, mouse rawDeltaX/rawDeltaY, LayoutPolicy.matchParent, EmbeddedComponent focus, WithTheme, queryNavDestinationInfo / onResult on the home NavDestination, NODE_SWIPER_EVENT_ON_CONTENT_DID_SCROLL, and shadow blur radius behavior have adaptation-impacting changes.
• Permissions — ohos.permission.READ_IMAGEVIDEO, getUidRxBytes, getUidTxBytes, and general permission policy behavior change under API 26 rules.
• UX — form controls minimum touch target changes from 28vp to 32vp for Button/Button-style Toggle/Select/Chip/ChipGroup; built-in text line breaking and small-language line height are optimized; Dialog, Toast, AlphabetIndexer, and text selection menu enable immersive system material by default. Disable globally with metadata name ohos.arkui.UIMaterial.state value disable, or per component with uiMaterial.Material.empty.

API 26 V2 behavior-scope notes (official docs updated 2026/06/17):

• Always effective: JSVM/Chromium 132 → 144, async function type detection, fastConvertToJSObject sibling-text preservation, ArkUI rawDeltaX/rawDeltaY, Stage-only ArkUI API constraints, home NavDestination queryNavDestinationInfo / onResult, @ReusableV2 dynamic reuse identifiers, ArkWeb Chromium 132 → 144, READ_IMAGEVIDEO permission behavior, and notofonts small-language font updates.
• Effective only when targetSdkVersion >= 26.0.0: In-House package-change event controls, JSVM Wasm jitless default behavior, NodeAdapter.onAttachToNode, attributed-string paragraph style with leading CustomSpan / ImageAttachment, LayoutPolicy.matchParent, EmbeddedComponent focus, WithTheme, NODE_SWIPER_EVENT_ON_CONTENT_DID_SCROLL, component shadow blur radius, getUidRxBytes / getUidTxBytes, permission policy changes, 32vp form-control touch targets, built-in text style optimization, immersive material defaults, and half-modal centered dialog max height.

DevEco Studio 26.0.0 Beta1 additions:

• AI coding: custom Agent token usage display, conversation rollback, project Q&A with MCP Market tools / LSP tools / ArkTS and C++ semantic code search, built-in Inline Chat commands such as File Comments and Parameter Validation, UI Verification tool, and custom Commands.
• Editing/debugging: API 26.0.0 projects, Load/Unload Modules, ArkUI state-variable relation viewer, Code Scanner resource-leak checks, custom Clang-Tidy, ACL permission requests, 8-breakpoint preview, Car multi-screen emulator, scenario simulation, remote emulator control, Native debug startup acceleration, device projection, SQL-highlight database debugging, dump-file stack parsing, HiLog tag filtering, AppAnalyzer report diagnosis, and diagnostics for OOM/app-freeze/resource leaks.
• Performance analysis: Memory lane adds ArkWeb PA and JS Heap sub-lanes for Malloc allocation and ArkWeb Render-process JS heap usage, plus a Statistics tab for VMA counts and PSS memory min/max/average.
• Build/release: apiCompatibilityCheck, tsImportSoCheck, module nativeLib.enableSoDirCollection, syncNative, Hvigor getAllDependencyInfo, AppGallery package re-signing, Linux emulator support, and ohpmrc auto_skip_install, metadata_cache_effective, metadata_cache, plus exact-version metadata queries.
• Compatibility changes: DevEco Studio and Command Line Tools upgrade Node.js from 18 to 24; custom Hvigor/ohpm/ohpm-repo plugins need Node.js 24 adaptation. ohpm-repo 5.5.1 no longer depends on node-fetch; plugins that relied on that bundled dependency must replace it or install node-fetch@2.7.0 themselves.

DevEco Testing 26.0.0 Beta1:

• Stability testing can target specified entry points to trigger stability issues and expands memory-leak detection coverage.
• UX testing supports multi-device layout comparison across straight-screen and foldable devices.
• Test-service matrix includes local app listing precheck, performance baseline/monitoring, stability baseline, memory-leak testing, UX baseline and multi-device layout comparison, security baseline, power baseline, functional-experience baseline, exploratory testing, regression testing, device projection, UIViewer, app graph management, performance report auto-analysis, and report comparison.

HarmonyOS AI development tools and capability highlights (officially surfaced 2026/06):

• DevEco Code — a HarmonyOS-focused AI coding Agent for planning, code generation, build/run, device logs, UI verification, ArkTS checking, knowledge lookup, debugging, and iterative repair. It complements DevEco Studio rather than replacing the SDK/toolchain.
• DevEco CLI — Agent-friendly command-line access to project creation, syntax checks, build, device run/debug, and other HarmonyOS engineering actions; use it for third-party coding Agents, automation, and CI/CD integration.
• CodeGenie — the DevEco Studio AI assistant/plugin remains a separate product surface. Huawei lists CodeGenie 6.1.1 Release, Command Line Tools 6.1.1 Release, and DevEco Studio 6.1.1 Release for the production toolchain; the API 26 toolchain remains Beta1.
• Agent Framework Kit — launches a combination of system Agents from an app through UI controls. Keep it distinct from Intents Kit (declaring app intents), ArkTS script-based app Skills (exposing app capabilities), and device-side A2A (Agent-to-Agent communication).
• HarmonyOS 7 experience areas — spatial-audio processing nodes, app/game quick start, cold-start network preconnection, QUIC and weak-network live-stream optimization, and LTPO variable frame rate are highlighted platform capabilities; confirm the installed API 26 SDK and device support before presenting them as generally available APIs.
• API 26 cloud debugging — AGC remote-device cloud debugging can filter devices by API 26 or system version 7.0.0.23 for early compatibility validation.

For tool selection, capability boundaries, and answer rules, read references/ai-development-tools.md.

Official documentation updates (2026/06/12)

Huawei's release docs did not add a newer SDK after 26.0.0 Beta1, but the documentation change log added several developer-facing guides worth surfacing in answers:

• Ability Kit app lifecycle — new guides cover full app lifecycle state changes, startup configuration such as window mode and start page path, quick-start launch, user/app/system exits, and active/passive restart flows.
• Ark Intelligence Development Framework — new guides cover the framework overview, Intent Framework development, ArkTS script-based app Skill development, and device-side A2A framework development for exposing app capabilities to system agents such as Xiaoyi.
• Window management — 20+ development scenarios were reorganized and expanded, including window type, mode, layout, focus, and a new guide for locating common window logs/issues with hidumper.
• ArkTS Sendable practice — new Sendable migration/practice guide demonstrates using TurboTransJSON to operate on Sendable objects in ArkTS.
• FA model docs moved — FA model is no longer the recommended app model except mainly for lightweight smart wearables; general HarmonyOS app docs now retain Stage model content, while FA model guidance moved under lightweight wearable app development basics.

Official documentation updates (2026/07)

No newer HarmonyOS 7 SDK was published, but several official guides now affect implementation and review answers:

• Native C API compatibility — SDK API 22+ can use weak references with APIAVAILABLE for APIs newer than compatibleSdkVersion. Correct link dependencies, weak-library configuration for libraries absent on old devices, runtime fallbacks, and tests on both the oldest compatible device and the new-API device are mandatory. Compilation alone is insufficient because a missing dependency can fail only at runtime. Read references/native-api-compatibility.md.
• Linux CI pipeline — use JDK 17 and the matching Command Line Tools, prefer their bundled Node.js, install project/module dependencies, run Hvigor with --no-daemon, protect signing secrets, install signed HAPs with HDC, and enable caseSensitiveCheck to expose filename/import mismatches hidden by Windows or macOS. Read references/build-sign-release.md.
• ArkTS leak detection — use @ohos.hiviewdfx.jsLeakWatcher primarily in development; production use should be limited to a small gray-release population. Combine it with JS Heap snapshots, HWASan/AddrSanitizer, AppFreeze, and HiAppEvent according to the suspected layer. Read references/performance.md.
• Container-responsive ArkUI — use ContainerReader when layout must react to the containing component rather than the window. API 26 also documents centralized reuse pools for @Reusable / @ReusableV2; reuse requires explicit lifecycle cleanup and state reset. Read references/arkui-components.md.

Project layout (Stage model)

MyApp/
├─ AppScope/
│  ├─ app.json5                 # global app config (bundleName, icon, label)
│  └─ resources/                # shared resources
├─ entry/                       # main HAP (entry module)
│  ├─ src/main/
│  │  ├─ ets/
│  │  │  ├─ entryability/EntryAbility.ets   # UIAbility subclass
│  │  │  ├─ entrybackupability/
│  │  │  └─ pages/Index.ets                 # ArkUI pages
│  │  ├─ resources/              # strings, colors, media, profiles
│  │  └─ module.json5            # module config, abilities, permissions
│  └─ build-profile.json5
├─ oh-package.json5              # ohpm dependencies
└─ build-profile.json5           # project-level

The Stage model — core concepts

Component types

• UIAbility — has UI, handles user interaction. Entry points. One instance per task.
• ExtensionAbility — background / extension scenarios:
  • ServiceExtensionAbility — background services (system apps)
  • FormExtensionAbility — home-screen widget (服务卡片)
  • WorkSchedulerExtensionAbility — deferred tasks
  • InputMethodExtensionAbility, WallpaperExtensionAbility, BackupExtensionAbility, etc.
• AbilityStage — module-level lifecycle container (one per HAP)
• WindowStage — window container scoped to a UIAbility

UIAbility lifecycle

import { UIAbility, Want, AbilityConstant } from '@kit.AbilityKit';
import { window } from '@kit.ArkUI';

export default class EntryAbility extends UIAbility {
  onCreate(want: Want, launchParam: AbilityConstant.LaunchParam): void { }
  onDestroy(): void { }
  onWindowStageCreate(windowStage: window.WindowStage): void {
    windowStage.loadContent('pages/Index', (err) => { /* ... */ });
  }
  onWindowStageDestroy(): void { }
  onForeground(): void { }
  onBackground(): void { }
  onNewWant(want: Want, launchParam: AbilityConstant.LaunchParam): void { }
}

Launching another ability

import { common, Want } from '@kit.AbilityKit';

const ctx = getContext(this) as common.UIAbilityContext;
const want: Want = {
  bundleName: 'com.example.app',
  abilityName: 'DetailAbility',
  parameters: { id: 42 }
};
ctx.startAbility(want);
// or startAbilityForResult for a return value

module.json5 essentials

{
  "module": {
    "name": "entry",
    "type": "entry",                // entry | feature | shared
    "srcEntry": "./ets/entryability/EntryAbility.ets",
    "deviceTypes": ["phone", "tablet", "2in1"],
    "abilities": [{
      "name": "EntryAbility",
      "srcEntry": "./ets/entryability/EntryAbility.ets",
      "startWindowIcon": "$media:startIcon",
      "startWindowBackground": "$color:start_window_background",
      "skills": [{
        "actions": ["action.system.home"],
        "entities": ["entity.system.home"]
      }]
    }],
    "requestPermissions": [
      { "name": "ohos.permission.INTERNET" }
    ]
  }
}

ArkTS language — strictness rules

ArkTS = TypeScript MINUS dynamic patterns, PLUS stricter static typing for AOT perf.

Prohibited / changed vs TS:

• No any / unknown as everyday escape hatches — declare real types
• No dynamic property add/delete on objects (obj.foo = bar on untyped object is a compile error)
• No Function.prototype.bind, call, apply with reshaped this
• No structural typing shortcuts — use nominal classes / interfaces
• No Object.keys/Object.assign for arbitrary reshaping
• Record<K,V> for true dictionary maps
• Use class / interface with explicit fields

// Prefer:
class User { constructor(public id: number, public name: string) {} }
// Over:
// const user: any = { id: 1, name: 'A' }

Naming conventions (official coding style guide)

Element	Convention	Example
Classes, Structs, Enums	UpperCamelCase	PersonInfo, ColorType
Variables, Parameters, Methods	lowerCamelCase	userName, getUserInfo()
Constants	UPPER_SNAKE_CASE	MAX_VALUE, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
Boolean variables	Prefix with is, has, can	isVisible, hasPermission

Formatting: 2-space indent, max 120 chars/line, K&R braces, always use {} for if/for/while.

High-performance ArkTS rules (from official best practices)

1. Use const for unchanging values — enables engine optimization
2. Never mix int and float in same variable — let n = 1; n = 1.1; causes boxing overhead
3. Use TypedArrays (Int8Array, Float32Array) for numerical computation
4. Avoid sparse arrays — arr[9999] = 0 forces hash-table storage (much slower)
5. Don't mix types in arrays — [1, "a", 2] deoptimizes
6. Cache property lookups outside hot loops
7. Avoid exception throwing in perf-critical loops — use sentinel values
8. Minimize closures in hot paths — pass variables via function params instead
9. Use Array methods (forEach, map, filter, reduce) — internally optimized
10. Keep build() pure and declarative — no side effects, load data in aboutToAppear()
11. Use HashMap instead of Record for key-value operations — faster lookup/insert
12. Reduce multi-level indirect exports — prefer direct export { foo } from './module'
13. Use lazy import (import lazy { Foo } from './heavy') for modules not needed at startup

ArkUI — declarative UI

Custom component basics

@Entry                      // marks route/page entry
@Component
struct Index {
  @State count: number = 0;

  build() {
    Column({ space: 12 }) {
      Text(`Count: ${this.count}`)
        .fontSize(24)
        .fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
      Button('Increment')
        .onClick(() => { this.count++; })
    }
    .width('100%').height('100%').justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center)
  }
}

Component lifecycle callbacks

All @Component:

Callback	When	Notes
aboutToAppear()	After created, BEFORE build()	Can change state here; changes apply in first build()
onDidBuild()	After build() completes	Do NOT change state or call animateTo(). API 12+
aboutToDisappear()	Before destruction	Do NOT change state (especially @Link). No async/await
aboutToReuse(params)	Reusable component re-added from cache	Update state with new params. API 10+
aboutToRecycle()	Component moving to reuse cache	Release heavy resources. API 10+

Only @Entry:

Callback	When
onPageShow()	Each time page is displayed
onPageHide()	Each time page is hidden
onBackPress(): boolean	User taps Back. Return true to override default

Execution order (cold start): Parent aboutToAppear → Parent build → Parent onDidBuild → Child aboutToAppear → Child build → Child onDidBuild → onPageShow

Layout containers

Container	When to use	Performance
Column / Row	Linear arrangement	Best — single-pass layout
Stack	Overlapping / stacking	Good
Flex	Items need stretch/shrink	Slower — extra pass for flexGrow/flexShrink
RelativeContainer	Complex layouts, avoid deep nesting	Good — flat structure
GridRow / GridCol	Responsive multi-device grids	Good
List	Scrollable list with recycling	Best for long lists (with LazyForEach)

Column/Row alignment:

• Main axis: justifyContent(FlexAlign.Start | .Center | .End | .SpaceBetween | .SpaceAround | .SpaceEvenly)
• Cross axis: Column → alignItems(HorizontalAlign.Start | .Center | .End), Row → alignItems(VerticalAlign.Top | .Center | .Bottom)

Stack: alignContent takes 9 positions (TopStart, Top, TopEnd, Start, Center, End, BottomStart, Bottom, BottomEnd). zIndex controls layer order.

Flex vs Column/Row: Flex requires re-layout for flexShrink/flexGrow. Always prefer Column/Row when you don't need flex behavior.

RelativeContainer: Use __container__ as anchor ID for the container itself. Each child needs .id(). Set .alignRules({ top: { anchor: 'id', align: VerticalAlign.Bottom } }).

Blank(): Fills remaining space in Row/Column — use for "label ... value" layouts: Row() { Text('Name'); Blank(); Text('Value') }.

displayPriority: Lower-priority children auto-hide when container shrinks. Row() { A().displayPriority(1); B().displayPriority(3); C().displayPriority(1) } — A and C hide first.

layoutWeight: Proportional sizing — Row() { Column().layoutWeight(1); Column().layoutWeight(2) } gives 1:2 ratio.

AttributeModifier — reusable style object:

class PrimaryButtonModifier implements AttributeModifier<ButtonAttribute> {
  applyNormalAttribute(instance: ButtonAttribute): void {
    instance.width('100%').height(48).fontSize(16).fontColor(Color.White).backgroundColor('#007DFF');
  }
  applyPressedAttribute(instance: ButtonAttribute): void {
    instance.backgroundColor('#0056B3');
  }
}
// Usage:
Button('Submit').attributeModifier(new PrimaryButtonModifier())

Performance-critical patterns

LazyForEach for large lists (only renders visible items):

class MyDataSource implements IDataSource {
  private data: string[] = []
  totalCount(): number { return this.data.length }
  getData(index: number): string { return this.data[index] }
  registerDataChangeListener(listener: DataChangeListener): void { /* ... */ }
  unregisterDataChangeListener(listener: DataChangeListener): void { /* ... */ }
}

List() {
  LazyForEach(this.dataSource, (item: string, index: number) => {
    ListItem() { Text(item) }
  }, (item: string) => item)  // key generator — MUST produce unique keys
}
.cachedCount(5)  // preload 5 items off-screen

@Reusable components (69% faster component creation):

@Reusable
@Component
struct MyListItem {
  @State message: Message = new Message('default')

  aboutToReuse(params: Record<string, ESObject>) {
    this.message = params.message as Message
  }
  aboutToRecycle() { /* release heavy resources */ }
  build() { Text(this.message.value) }
}

Rules: only works within same parent; don't nest @Reusable inside @Reusable; combine with LazyForEach.

Layout performance rules:

• Max 3 levels of nesting — each level adds layout cost
• Use if/else over .visibility() — hidden components still participate in layout
• Use RelativeContainer to flatten deep Row/Column/Flex hierarchies (documented 26% improvement)
• Set explicit dimensions on List inside Scroll — without them ALL children load at once
• Avoid @StorageLink for frequently-changing data — propagates to all subscribers

onVisibleAreaChange — trigger logic when component enters/leaves viewport:

Image(item.url)
  .onVisibleAreaChange([0.0, 1.0], (isVisible: boolean, currentRatio: number) => {
    if (isVisible && currentRatio >= 1.0) { this.loadHighRes(); }    // fully visible
    if (!isVisible) { this.releaseImage(); }                          // off screen
  })

Use cases: lazy image loading, video auto-play/pause on scroll, exposure analytics.

Animation

Explicit animation (animateTo) — state changes in closure animate:

this.getUIContext()?.animateTo({
  duration: 300,
  curve: Curve.EaseOut,
  onFinish: () => { console.info('done') }
}, () => {
  this.width = 200  // this change animates
})

Property animation (.animation()) — implicit, applied to preceding attributes:

Text('Hello')
  .width(this.myWidth)
  .animation({ duration: 500, curve: Curve.EaseIn })

Curve values: Curve.Linear | .Ease | .EaseIn | .EaseOut | .EaseInOut | .FastOutSlowIn | .Friction | .Sharp | .Smooth

Spring curves (string): 'spring(velocity,mass,stiffness,damping)', 'springMotion(response,dampingFraction)', 'responsiveSpringMotion(response,dampingFraction)'

Shared element transition:

// Bind same geometryTransition ID on source and target
Image($r('app.media.photo')).geometryTransition('picture')
// Wrap state change in animateTo
this.getUIContext()?.animateTo({ duration: 300 }, () => { this.isExpanded = !this.isExpanded })

Keyframe animation (keyframeAnimateTo) — multi-step sequences:

this.getUIContext()?.keyframeAnimateTo({ iterations: 2 }, [
  { duration: 100, event: () => { this.translateX = 10; } },
  { duration: 100, event: () => { this.translateX = -10; } },
  { duration: 100, event: () => { this.translateX = 0; } },
]);

Animation performance tips: Prefer transform properties (scale/translate/rotate/opacity) over layout properties (width/height/margin) — transforms skip re-layout.

Tabs — bottom/top navigation

@Entry @Component
struct MainPage {
  @State currentIndex: number = 0;

  @Builder tabBuilder(index: number, title: string, icon: Resource) {
    Column() {
      SymbolGlyph(icon).fontSize(24)
        .fontColor([this.currentIndex === index ? '#007DFF' : '#99000000'])
      Text(title).fontSize(10).margin({ top: 4 })
        .fontColor(this.currentIndex === index ? '#007DFF' : '#99000000')
    }.justifyContent(FlexAlign.Center).height('100%').width('100%')
  }

  build() {
    Tabs({ barPosition: BarPosition.End }) {        // BarPosition.Start for top
      TabContent() { HomePage() }
        .tabBar(this.tabBuilder(0, 'Home', $r('sys.symbol.house')))
      TabContent() { MinePage() }
        .tabBar(this.tabBuilder(1, 'Me', $r('sys.symbol.person')))
    }
    .barHeight(56)
    .onChange((index) => { this.currentIndex = index; })
    .scrollable(false)                               // disable swipe between tabs
  }
}

Glass-blur tab bar: .barOverlap(true).barBackgroundBlurStyle(BlurStyle.Thin).

Swiper — carousel / banner

Swiper() {
  ForEach(this.banners, (item: BannerItem) => {
    Image(item.url).width('100%').height(180).borderRadius(12)
  })
}
.loop(true)
.autoPlay(true)
.interval(3000)
.indicator(new DotIndicator()
  .color('#33000000').selectedColor('#007DFF')
  .itemWidth(8).selectedItemWidth(16))

WaterFlow — Pinterest-style layout

WaterFlow({ scroller: this.scroller }) {
  LazyForEach(this.dataSource, (item: CardItem) => {
    FlowItem() {
      Column() {
        Image(item.image).width('100%').borderRadius(8)
        Text(item.title).fontSize(14).padding(8)
      }
    }
  }, (item: CardItem) => item.id)
}
.columnsTemplate('1fr 1fr')       // 2 columns
.columnsGap(8)
.rowsGap(8)
.cachedCount(10)

Grid — fixed grid layout

Grid() {
  ForEach(this.items, (item: GridItemData) => {
    GridItem() {
      Column() {
        Image(item.icon).width(40).height(40)
        Text(item.name).fontSize(12).margin({ top: 4 })
      }
    }
  })
}
.columnsTemplate('1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr')   // 4 columns
.rowsGap(12)
.columnsGap(12)
.height(200)

TextInput / TextArea

TextInput({ placeholder: 'Enter username' })
  .type(InputType.Normal)                          // .Email, .Number, .Password, .PhoneNumber
  .maxLength(20)
  .onChange((value: string) => { this.username = value; })
  .onSubmit((enterKey: EnterKeyType) => { /* handle submit */ })

TextArea({ placeholder: 'Enter description', text: $$this.desc })
  .maxLength(200)
  .showCounter(true)                                // character count indicator

Two-way binding with $$: TextInput({ text: $$this.value }) — no onChange needed.

Router — basic page navigation

import { router } from '@kit.ArkUI';

// Push to new page (with params)
router.pushUrl({
  url: 'pages/Detail',
  params: { id: '123', title: 'Hello' }
});

// Get params on target page
const params = router.getParams() as Record<string, string>;

// Go back
router.back();

// Replace current page (no back stack)
router.replaceUrl({ url: 'pages/Login' });

Note: For Navigation-based apps, prefer NavPathStack.pushPath() over Router.

AlertDialog / Toast

// Alert dialog
AlertDialog.show({
  title: 'Confirm',
  message: 'Delete this item?',
  primaryButton: { value: 'Cancel', action: () => {} },
  secondaryButton: { value: 'Delete', fontColor: Color.Red,
    action: () => { this.deleteItem(); }
  },
});

// Toast
this.getUIContext().getPromptAction().showToast({
  message: 'Operation successful',
  duration: 2000,
});

Common form components — quick reference

Component	Key Props	Example
Checkbox	select, onChange((val: boolean) => {})	Checkbox({ name: 'agree' }).select(this.agreed)
Toggle	type(ToggleType.Switch), isOn, onChange	Toggle({ type: ToggleType.Switch, isOn: $$this.on })
Radio	value, group, checked, onChange	Radio({ value: 'male', group: 'gender' }).checked(true)
Select	options: SelectOption[], selected, value, onSelect	Select([{value:'A'},{value:'B'}]).selected(0)
Slider	value, min, max, step, onChange	Slider({ value: $$this.val, min: 0, max: 100 })
DatePicker	start, end, selected, onChange	DatePicker({ selected: this.date }).onChange((v) => {})
TimePicker	selected, useMilitaryTime, onChange	TimePicker({ selected: this.time })
Search	value, placeholder, onSubmit, onChange	Search({ value: $$this.keyword, placeholder: 'Search' })
Progress	value, total, type(ProgressType.Linear)

EventHub — UIAbility ↔ page communication

// In UIAbility — emit event
this.context.eventHub.emit('dataReady', { items: [...] });

// In page — subscribe
const context = getContext(this) as common.UIAbilityContext;
context.eventHub.on('dataReady', (data: Record<string, ESObject>) => {
  this.items = data.items;
});

// Unsubscribe
context.eventHub.off('dataReady');

HarmonyOS 6.0 visual effects (沉浸光感视效 / 液态玻璃)

HarmonyOS 6.0 (API 23) introduces system-level "Immersive Light Perception" visual effects. Users enable via Settings → Desktop & Personalization → Immersive Light Effect (强/均衡/弱). Developers achieve similar effects through these ArkUI attributes:

BlurStyle enum (API 9–11):

Name	Since	Level
Thin / Regular / Thick	API 9	Material blur
BACKGROUND_THIN / BACKGROUND_REGULAR / BACKGROUND_THICK / BACKGROUND_ULTRA_THICK	API 10	Depth-of-field (min→max)
COMPONENT_ULTRA_THIN / COMPONENT_THIN / COMPONENT_REGULAR / COMPONENT_THICK / COMPONENT_ULTRA_THICK	API 11	Component-level material
NONE	API 10	No blur

backgroundBlurStyle (API 9+):

Column() { /* content */ }
  .backgroundBlurStyle(BlurStyle.Thin, {
    colorMode: ThemeColorMode.LIGHT,     // SYSTEM | LIGHT | DARK
    adaptiveColor: AdaptiveColor.DEFAULT, // DEFAULT | AVERAGE
    scale: 1.0                            // 0.0–1.0 (blur intensity)
  })

foregroundBlurStyle (API 10+):

Image($r('app.media.photo'))
  .foregroundBlurStyle(BlurStyle.Regular)

backgroundEffect (API 11+) — fine-grained control:

Column() { /* content */ }
  .backgroundEffect({
    radius: 20,          // blur radius
    saturation: 15,      // [0, 50] recommended
    brightness: 0.6,     // [0, 2] recommended
    color: '#80FFFFFF'   // mask color
  })

blur / backdropBlur (API 7+) — numeric radius:

Column() { /* content */ }
  .backdropBlur(20, { grayscale: [30, 50] })  // background blur
  .blur(10)                                    // foreground blur

backgroundBrightness (API 12+):

Column() { /* content */ }
  .backgroundBrightness({ rate: 0.5, lightUpDegree: 0.2 })

Visual effect filters (API 12+):

import { uiEffect } from '@kit.ArkGraphics2D';

const blurFilter = uiEffect.createFilter().blur(10);
Column() { /* content */ }
  .backgroundFilter(blurFilter)    // background filter
  .foregroundFilter(blurFilter)    // content filter

pointLight (API 11+, System API only — NOT available for third-party apps):

// System apps only! Supports: Image, Column, Flex, Row, Stack, Button, Toggle
Flex()
  .pointLight({
    lightSource: { positionX: '50%', positionY: '50%', positionZ: 80, intensity: 2, color: Color.White },
    illuminated: IlluminatedType.BORDER,  // NONE | BORDER | CONTENT | BORDER_CONTENT
    bloom: 0.5                            // luminous intensity 0–1
  })

Up to 12 light sources can illuminate a single component. HarmonyOS 6.0 adds dual-edge flow light and UV background flow light effects.

systemMaterialEffect (HDS layer, API 23+, HarmonyOS-only SDK):

import { hdsMaterial } from '@kit.ArkUI';

Column() { /* content */ }
  .systemMaterialEffect({
    materialType: hdsMaterial.MaterialType.ADAPTIVE,
    materialLevel: hdsMaterial.MaterialLevel.ADAPTIVE
  })

Note: hdsMaterial is part of the closed-source HarmonyOS Design System (HDS), not OpenHarmony. Requires HarmonyOS 6.0 SDK (API 23+).

State-management decorators

Decorator	Scope	Purpose
@State	within component	Owned mutable state; triggers re-render
@Prop	parent → child	One-way copy (child has local copy)
@Link	parent ↔ child	Two-way binding (use $var to pass)
@Provide / @Consume	ancestor → descendant	Cross-level implicit binding by key
@Observed (class) + @ObjectLink (prop)	class instances	Observe changes to class properties
@Watch('handler')	any of above	Callback on value change
@StorageLink / @StorageProp	app-wide AppStorage	Global reactive state
@LocalStorageLink / @LocalStorageProp	page-scoped	Scoped reactive state

Passing @Link:

@Entry @Component struct Parent {
  @State val: number = 0;
  build() { Child({ val: $val }) }     // $ prefix for @Link
}
@Component struct Child {
  @Link val: number;
  build() { Button(`${this.val}`).onClick(() => this.val++) }
}

Observing class objects:

@Observed class Task { constructor(public title: string, public done: boolean) {} }

@Component struct TaskRow {
  @ObjectLink task: Task;            // re-renders when task.title/done changes
  build() { Text(this.task.title) }
}

Arrays of @Observed instances require @ObjectLink in the row component — parent @State tasks: Task[] only reacts to array mutations (push/splice/reassign), not per-item changes.

State management performance rules (from official docs):

• Minimize state scope: only @State variables that directly affect UI
• @Prop creates deep copy on every update — for large objects, prefer @Link (by reference) or @ObjectLink
• @Link is preferred for inter-component communication — avoids unnecessary re-renders
• @Observed + @ObjectLink for nested objects — fine-grained property observation
• @ObjectLink is READ-ONLY — cannot reassign whole object (this.task = new Task() breaks binding)
• Avoid @StorageLink for frequently-changing data — global state changes propagate to ALL subscribers
• Observation depth (V1): @State/@Prop/@Link observe ONLY first-level properties. Nested changes are NOT detected. Array: only push/splice/reassign/length, NOT item mutations.

V2 state decorators (API 12+, stable since API 23 — recommended for new code)

V2 decorators have graduated from experimental to stable as of HarmonyOS 6.1 (API 23). Official recommendation: migrate to V2 for new projects.

V1	V2 replacement	Change
@Component	@ComponentV2	Clearer semantics
@State	@Local	Cannot be initialized externally — internal state only
@Prop	@Param + @Once	Read-only inputs; @Once for one-time init
@Link	@Param + @Event	Two-way: input via @Param, output via callback @Event
@Observed + @ObjectLink	@ObservedV2 + @Trace	Deep observation across multiple nested levels
@Watch	@Monitor('prop')	More precise deep listener
AppStorage	AppStorageV2	Unified with @ObservedV2 + @Trace
(none)	PersistenceV2	Persistent storage with V2 observation; auto-saved to disk
@Provide / @Consume	@Provider() / @Consumer()	Renamed; same semantics

@ObservedV2
class UserInfo {
  @Trace name: string = '';    // changes to this trigger UI refresh
  @Trace age: number = 0;     // changes to this trigger UI refresh
  address: string = '';        // NO @Trace → changes do NOT trigger refresh
}

Rules: @ObservedV2 and @Trace must be used together (either alone has no effect). Only @Trace-decorated properties participate in UI rendering.

AppStorageV2 — global reactive state:

import { AppStorageV2 } from '@kit.ArkUI';

@ObservedV2
class UserState { @Trace name: string = 'Guest'; }

// Connect (creates if not exists)
const user = AppStorageV2.connect(UserState, 'user', () => new UserState())!;

// In component
@ComponentV2
struct Header {
  user: UserState = AppStorageV2.connect(UserState, 'user')!;
  build() { Text(this.user.name) }
}

PersistenceV2 — auto-persisted state (survives app restart):

import { PersistenceV2, Type } from '@kit.ArkUI';

@ObservedV2
class Settings {
  @Trace @Type(String) theme: string = 'light';
  @Trace @Type(Number) fontSize: number = 14;
}

// Connect — auto-loads from disk if exists, writes on change
const settings = PersistenceV2.connect(Settings, 'app_settings', () => new Settings())!;

// Optional: error/success callback
PersistenceV2.notifyOnError((key, reason, msg) => { console.error(reason, msg); });

@Type decorator is required for PersistenceV2 to serialize correctly.

StateStore — global state management (2026, officially recommended for mid-large apps)

Separates state logic from UI components entirely. Works with @ObservedV2 + @Trace.

import { StateStore } from '@kit.ArkUI';

@ObservedV2
class CounterStore {
  @Trace count: number = 0;

  increment(): void {
    this.count++;
  }
}

// Create global store (do this once, e.g. in EntryAbility or top-level)
const counterStore = StateStore.createStore(new CounterStore());

// In any component — read state
@Entry
@Component
struct CounterPage {
  build() {
    Column() {
      Text(`Count: ${counterStore.getState().count}`)
      Button('Add').onClick(() => {
        counterStore.getState().increment();
      })
    }
  }
}

When to use: Multiple pages/components share the same state; state logic is complex; need thread-safe updates (TaskPool workers can safely update StateStore).

Docs: https://developer.huawei.com/consumer/cn/doc/best-practices/bpta-global-state-management-state-store

Builders, styles, extends

@Builder function Label(text: string) { Text(text).fontSize(16) }

@Styles function Card() { .padding(12).borderRadius(12).backgroundColor('#FFF') }

@Extend(Text) function title() { .fontSize(22).fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold) }

// Usage:
Text('Hello').title()
Column() { Label('x') } .Card()

Navigation (recommended: Navigation component, not Router)

@Entry @Component struct App {
  @Provide('pathStack') pathStack: NavPathStack = new NavPathStack();
  build() {
    Navigation(this.pathStack) {
      Button('Go').onClick(() => this.pathStack.pushPath({ name: 'Detail', param: 42 }))
    }
    .navDestination((name: string, param: Object) => {
      if (name === 'Detail') Detail({ id: param as number })
    })
  }
}

The older router module (@ohos.router) still works but is being phased out — Navigation + NavPathStack is the official replacement since API 12+. Huawei publishes a transition guide for migrating from router to Navigation. For new projects, always use Navigation; for legacy code, migrate when convenient.

NavPathStack full API:

// Push
pathStack.pushPath({ name: 'Page', param: data });
pathStack.pushPathByName('Page', data);
pathStack.pushPathByName('Page', data, (popInfo) => {
  console.info('Pop result: ' + JSON.stringify(popInfo.result));
});

// Pop, Replace, Remove
pathStack.pop();
pathStack.replacePath({ name: 'Page', param: data });
pathStack.removeIndex(0);
pathStack.movePageToTop('Page');

// Query
pathStack.getParamByIndex(index);
pathStack.getParamByName('Page');
pathStack.getAllPathName();
pathStack.size();

Route interception:

pathStack.setInterception({
  willShow: (from, to, operation) => { /* validate/redirect */ },
  didShow: (from, to, operation) => { /* analytics */ }
});

Display modes: Stack (single column), Split (two columns), Auto (adaptive, 600vp threshold).

HarmonyOS Kits (common imports)

import { UIAbility, Want, common, abilityAccessCtrl } from '@kit.AbilityKit';
import { window, display, promptAction } from '@kit.ArkUI';
import { http, webSocket, connection } from '@kit.NetworkKit';
import { photoAccessHelper } from '@kit.MediaLibraryKit';   // photo/video picker
import { fileIo as fs } from '@kit.CoreFileKit';
import { geoLocationManager } from '@kit.LocationKit';
import { relationalStore, preferences, distributedKVStore } from '@kit.ArkData';
import { notificationManager } from '@kit.NotificationKit';
import { speechRecognizer } from '@kit.CoreSpeechKit';       // ASR / TTS
import { hilog } from '@kit.PerformanceAnalysisKit';

Full Kit catalog — official SDK categories (developer.huawei.com/consumer/cn/sdk/)

应用框架 Application Framework

Kit	Import key	Purpose
Ability Kit	AbilityKit	UIAbility, ExtensionAbility, Want, context, routing
Accessibility Kit	AccessibilityKit	Screen reader, universal design, a11y services
ArkData	ArkData	relationalStore, preferences, distributedKVStore
ArkTS	—	Language spec & Ark compiler tooling
ArkUI	ArkUI	window, display, promptAction, Navigation, components
ArkWeb	ArkWeb	WebView / Web component embedding
Background Tasks Kit	BackgroundTasksKit	Deferred/scheduled background work, transient tasks
Core File Kit	CoreFileKit	fileIo, picker, sandbox paths
Form Kit	FormKit	FormExtensionAbility, home-screen service cards/widgets
IME Kit	IMEKit	Input method engine development
IPC Kit	IPCKit	Inter-process communication (Parcel, RemoteObject)
Localization Kit	LocalizationKit	i18n, l10n, RTL, pseudo-localization

应用服务 Application Services

Kit	Import key	Purpose
Account Kit	AccountKit	One-click Huawei ID login, OAuth 2.0
Ads Kit	AdsKit	Advertising SDK (banner, native, interstitial)
App Linking Kit	AppLinkingKit	Deep links, deferred deep links
Calendar Kit	CalendarKit	Calendar events, reminders
Contacts Kit	ContactsKit	Contact read/write/search
Content Embed Kit	ContentEmbedKit	Cross-app document embedding and collaborative editing
IAP Kit	IAPKit	In-app purchases (consumable, non-consumable, subscription)
Live View Kit	LiveViewKit	Live activities on lock screen / notification center
Location Kit	LocationKit	geoLocationManager, geofencing, geocoding
Map Kit	MapKit	Huawei Maps SDK, routing, place search
Notification Kit	NotificationKit	Local + push notifications, badges
Payment Kit	PaymentKit	Huawei Pay transaction processing
Push Kit	PushKit	Push notification delivery service
Scan Kit	ScanKit	QR/barcode scanning
Share Kit	ShareKit	Cross-app content sharing
Call Service Kit	CallServiceKit	Enterprise call identification and service lookup
Weather Service Kit	WeatherServiceKit	Weather data (current/daily/hourly/alerts/indices/tides)
Pen Kit	Penkit	Stylus / handwriting component (M-Pencil devices)

系统 System

Kit	Import key	Purpose
Asset Store Kit	AssetStoreKit	Secure credential/secret storage
Basic Services Kit	BasicServicesKit	Battery, vibration, thermal, brightness, clipboard
Connectivity Kit	ConnectivityKit	Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, USB, hotspot
Crypto Architecture Kit	CryptoArchitectureKit	Encryption, key management, certificates
Device Security Kit	DeviceSecurityKit	Code-signature queries, digital shield, security events
Distributed Service Kit	DistributedServiceKit	deviceManager, cross-device discovery
Enterprise Threat Protection Kit	EnterpriseThreatProtectionKit	Enterprise file threat scan, isolation, restore, delete
MDM Kit	MDMKit	Enterprise device, app, and settings management
Network Boost Kit	NetworkBoostKit	Network transfer optimization and low-power transfer mode
NearLink Kit	NearLinkKit	NearLink device capability and partner device management
Screen Time Guard Kit	ScreenTimeGuardKit	Screen-time authorization and app-control policy

媒体 Media

Kit	Import key	Purpose
Audio Kit	AudioKit	Audio playback, recording, routing, focus
AVCodec Kit	AVCodecKit	Hardware-accelerated encode/decode (H.264, H.265, AAC…)
Camera Kit	CameraKit	Camera preview, photo capture, video recording
Image Kit	ImageKit	Image decoding, transformation, EXIF
Media Kit	MediaKit	AVPlayer, AVRecorder (unified playback/recording)
Media Library Kit	MediaLibraryKit	photoAccessHelper, media library CRUD
Scan Kit	ScanKit	QR/barcode scanning

图形 Graphics

Kit	Import key	Purpose
ArkGraphics 2D	ArkGraphics2D	2D Canvas drawing, effects, blur, shadow
ArkGraphics 3D	ArkGraphics3D	3D scene graph, glTF rendering
UI Design Kit	UIDesignKit	hdsDrawable icon processing, HdsNavigation component
XComponent	(ArkUI built-in)	Native OpenGL ES / Vulkan surface via NAPI

AI

Kit	Import key	Purpose
Core Speech Kit	CoreSpeechKit	On-device ASR / TTS engine
Core Vision Kit	CoreVisionKit	OCR, face detection, image segmentation, super-resolution
CANN Kit	CANNKit	AI compute acceleration; API 24 adds PC LLM inference support
FAST Kit	FASTKit	Concurrent hash tables, vector operations, filters
Intents Kit	IntentsKit	Intent recognition (30+ domains, 60+ built-in intents)
MindSpore Lite	MindSporeLiteKit	Edge model inference (Caffe/TF/ONNX/MindIR)
Natural Language Kit	NaturalLanguageKit	Word segmentation, NER, keyword extraction

Performance & DevTools

Kit	Import key	Purpose
Performance Analysis Kit	PerformanceAnalysisKit	hilog, HiAppEvent, crash analysis

Photo/video picker (correct API — picker.PhotoViewPicker is deprecated)

import { photoAccessHelper } from '@kit.MediaLibraryKit';

const phAccessHelper = photoAccessHelper.getPhotoAccessHelper(context);
const picker = new photoAccessHelper.PhotoViewPicker();
const result = await picker.select({
  MIMEType: photoAccessHelper.PhotoViewMIMETypes.IMAGE_TYPE,
  maxSelectNumber: 9
});
const uris: string[] = result.photoUris;

File/document picker

import { picker } from '@kit.CoreFileKit';

// Pick document files (PDF, DOCX, etc.)
const documentPicker = new picker.DocumentViewPicker(context);
const result = await documentPicker.select({
  maxSelectNumber: 5,
  fileSuffixFilters: ['.pdf', '.docx', '.xlsx'],  // optional filter
});
const uris: string[] = result;  // file URIs with temporary read permission

// Save file to user-chosen location
const savePicker = new picker.DocumentViewPicker(context);
const saveResult = await savePicker.save({
  newFileNames: ['export.pdf'],
});
const destUri: string = saveResult[0];

CoreSpeechKit — ASR audio format requirements

import { speechRecognizer } from '@kit.CoreSpeechKit';

const engine = await speechRecognizer.createEngine({
  language: 'zh-CN',
  online: 0   // 0=on-device, 1=cloud
});
// Audio MUST be: PCM, 16kHz, mono, 16-bit
// Chunk size: 640 or 1280 bytes, write every 20ms or 40ms
engine.startListening({
  sessionId: `asr_${Date.now()}`,
  audioInfo: {
    audioType: 'pcm',
    sampleRate: 16000,
    soundChannel: 1,
    sampleBit: 16
  }
});

HTTP request example

import { http } from '@kit.NetworkKit';

async function fetchJson(url: string): Promise<string> {
  const req = http.createHttp();
  try {
    const res = await req.request(url, {
      method: http.RequestMethod.GET,
      header: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
      connectTimeout: 5000, readTimeout: 10000
    });
    return res.result as string;
  } finally {
    req.destroy();
  }
}

Network connectivity monitoring

import { connection } from '@kit.NetworkKit';

// Check current network state
const hasNet = connection.hasDefaultNetSync();

// Monitor network changes
const netCon = connection.createNetConnection();
netCon.on('netAvailable', () => { /* network restored */ });
netCon.on('netLost', () => { /* network lost */ });
netCon.on('netCapabilitiesChange', (info: connection.NetCapabilityInfo) => {
  const isWifi = info.netCap.bearerTypes.includes(connection.NetBearType.BEARER_WIFI);
  const isCellular = info.netCap.bearerTypes.includes(connection.NetBearType.BEARER_CELLULAR);
});
netCon.register(() => {});  // activate subscriptions

// Cleanup
netCon.unregister(() => {});

WebSocket

import { webSocket } from '@kit.NetworkKit';

const ws = webSocket.createWebSocket();
ws.on('open', () => { ws.send('hello'); });
ws.on('message', (err, data: string | ArrayBuffer) => {
  console.info('received:', typeof data === 'string' ? data : 'binary');
});
ws.on('close', (err, { code, reason }) => { /* closed */ });
ws.on('error', (err) => { /* handle */ });

ws.connect('wss://example.com/ws', { header: { 'Authorization': 'Bearer xxx' } });

// Send
ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'chat', text: 'hi' }));

// Close
ws.close();

Launch app by type (startAbilityByType)

import { common } from '@kit.AbilityKit';

const context = getContext(this) as common.UIAbilityContext;

// Open navigation app with destination
context.startAbilityByType('navigation', {
  sceneType: 1,
  destinationLatitude: 39.9042,
  destinationLongitude: 116.4074,
  destinationName: 'Beijing',
} as Record<string, Object>);

// Open browser
context.startAbilityByType('browser', {
  uri: 'https://example.com',
} as Record<string, Object>);

Supported types: navigation, browser, email, finance, transit, etc.

Permissions

Declare in module.json5 → requestPermissions. For user-granted permissions, request at runtime via abilityAccessCtrl.createAtManager().requestPermissionsFromUser(context, [...]).

Atomic Services / Meta-Services (原子化服务 / 元服务)

Installation-free, small (≤10MB) apps launched from:

• Service cards (home-screen widgets built with FormExtensionAbility)
• Search, scan, NFC, cross-device continuation

Configured via module.json5 with "installationFree": true. Build-time they produce .app packages containing multiple HAPs.

Distributed features

• Cross-device continuation (流转) — continueAbility / onContinue/onNewWant lifecycle
• Distributed data object — synced state across devices
• Distributed file system — shared sandbox
• Device manager — discover trusted devices

Packaging types

Type	Purpose
HAP (Harmony Ability Package)	Runnable module: entry or feature type
HSP (Harmony Shared Package)	In-app shared module, dynamic-linked at runtime
HAR (Harmony Archive)	Static library, packaged into HAP at build time

Distribute via AppGallery Connect (华为应用市场).

Official samples: https://developer.huawei.com/consumer/cn/samples/

sys.symbol — icon glyph system

HarmonyOS Symbol is a 1500+ vector icon font with multi-layer color and 7 animation types.

SymbolGlyph($r('sys.symbol.bell_fill'))
  .fontSize(24)
  .fontColor([Color.Blue, Color.Green])
  .symbolEffect(new BounceSymbolEffect(EffectScope.WHOLE), true)

Confirmed working names (SDK 6.0.1): xmark · plus · minus · checkmark · chevron_right · chevron_left · star · star_fill · bell · bell_fill · doc · video · mic · mic_fill · clock · trash · pencil · camera · person

Names that do NOT exist (common mistakes): photo · doc_richtext · sparkles · checklist · image (use doc or camera instead) · location_fill (use text label instead)

Find valid names: https://developer.huawei.com/consumer/cn/design/harmonyos-symbol

DevEco Studio 6.x — Project Setup

DevEco Studio 6.x requires additional Hvigor infrastructure files. Without them the IDE shows "工程结构及配置需要升级".

Current API 24 Release toolchain (HarmonyOS 6.1.1, 2026/05/26):

• DevEco Studio: 6.1.1 Release (6.1.1.280)
• HarmonyOS SDK: 6.1.1 Release (OpenHarmony SDK Ohos_sdk_public 6.1.1.125, API 24 Release)
• Hvigor / hvigorw: 6.24.2
• ohpm: 6.1.2.268
• Node.js: 18.20.1
• compileSdkVersion: 6.1.1(24)
• targetSdkVersion: 4.0.0(10) ~ 6.1.1(24)

Recommended workflow: Always let DevEco Studio generate the scaffold (新建项目 → Empty Ability), then copy your source files in. This avoids stale Hvigor wrapper/plugin versions.

hvigorfile.ts (root + each module)

// root
import { appTasks } from '@ohos/hvigor-ohos-plugin';
export default { system: appTasks, plugins:[] }

// entry/hvigorfile.ts
import { hapTasks } from '@ohos/hvigor-ohos-plugin';
export default { system: hapTasks, plugins:[] }

hvigor/wrapper/hvigor-config.json5

{
  // Use the exact version generated by DevEco Studio for your SDK.
  // API 24 Release uses Hvigor 6.24.2.
  "hvigorVersion": "6.24.2",
  "dependencies": {
    // Keep this aligned with the DevEco-generated scaffold.
    "@ohos/hvigor-ohos-plugin": "<generated-by-deveco>"
  }
}

build-profile.json5 — SDK version placement

SDK versions go in one place only — either under app OR inside each product, not both. Mixing them causes "Sync Failed".

API 24 DevEco Studio adds strictCheckerOnly under project-level build-profile.json5 strictMode for running only strict syntax checks on .ets files, reducing end-to-end compile time during checks:

{
  "app": {
    "compileSdkVersion": "6.1.1(24)",
    "compatibleSdkVersion": "4.0.0(10)",
    "targetSdkVersion": "6.1.1(24)",
    "strictMode": {
      "strictCheckerOnly": true
    }
  }
}

API 24 also adds project-level oh-package.json5 properties for multi-environment dependency management. Use it for environment-specific dependency values instead of duplicating package files.

ArkTS strict-mode compiler errors (SDK 6.0.1)

No object literals as types

// ❌
parseOutput(): { text: string; tags: string[] } { ... }
// ✅
interface ParsedOutput { text: string; tags: string[]; }
parseOutput(): ParsedOutput { ... }

No any / unknown

const task = JSON.parse(rawStr) as AgentTask;  // ✅ cast immediately

navDestination requires a @Builder function reference

// ❌ inline lambda
.navDestination((name, param) => { if (name==='X') MyPage() })
// ✅ top-level @Builder
@Builder function PageRouter(name: string) { if (name==='X') MyPage() }
Navigation(stack) { ... }.navDestination(PageRouter)

@Entry build() root must be a container

Wrap in Stack(), Column(), or Row() — a custom component alone is not a container.

display.width is pixels, not vp

function isTablet(): boolean {
  const dm = display.getDefaultDisplaySync();
  return (dm.width / dm.densityPixels) >= 840;
}

All user_grant permissions need reason + usedScene

{
  "name": "ohos.permission.READ_MEDIA",
  "reason": "$string:permission_media_reason",
  "usedScene": { "abilities": ["EntryAbility"], "when": "inuse" }
}

INTERNET is system_grant — no extra fields needed.

Common gotchas

1. Don't mix FA and Stage models — FA is legacy; HarmonyOS NEXT only supports Stage.

2. this in ArkUI callbacks — arrow functions are required; regular function () {} loses this.

3. @State on nested objects — changes to nested props don't trigger updates; use @Observed/@ObjectLink or reassign the whole object.

4. Array item updates — replace the item (arr[i] = newItem) or use @Observed on the item class.

5. Resource references — use $r('app.string.foo'), $r('app.media.icon'), not string paths.

6. getContext(this) inside a component returns the UIAbilityContext; cast explicitly.

7. Async in build() is forbidden — load data in aboutToAppear() and store in @State.

8. Permissions must be declared AND requested at runtime for user-grant permissions.

9. ohpm is the package manager (similar to npm) — dependencies live in oh-package.json5.

10. Preview on device — DevEco Previewer doesn't fully simulate; always test on real HarmonyOS device or emulator.

11. Navigation has no hideSideBar — use .hideBackButton(true) instead.

12. promptAction.showToast() is deprecated — use getUIContext().getPromptAction().showToast(...) instead; wrap in try-catch for safety.

13. Floating FAB button blocks last list item — use Navigation.menus() for primary action buttons, or add bottom padding to List equal to FAB height + margin.

14. Named callbacks for on/off — anonymous functions can't be unregistered. Always store references:

    // BAD: can't off() an anonymous function
    session.on('stateChange', (state) => { ... });
    // GOOD: named reference
    const cb = (state: StateType) => { ... };
    session.on('stateChange', cb);
    session.off('stateChange', cb);
    

Stability — crash types and error handling

Type	Description
JS_ERROR	ArkTS/JS runtime exceptions (most common) — TypeError: Cannot read property 'x' of undefined
CPP_CRASH	Native C/C++ crash (SIGSEGV, SIGABRT)
APP_FREEZE	Main thread blocked >6s (ANR equivalent). Root causes: thread locks (57%), system resources (14%), heavy main-thread work (9%)
OOM	Out-of-memory kill

Global error handler:

import { errorManager } from '@kit.AbilityKit';

const observer: errorManager.ErrorObserver = {
  onUnhandledException(errMsg: string): void {
    console.error('Uncaught: ' + errMsg);
  },
  onException?(errObject: Error): void {  // API 10+
    console.error(errObject.name + ': ' + errObject.message);
  }
};
const observerId = errorManager.on('error', observer);

Crash event subscription (HiAppEvent):

import { hiAppEvent } from '@kit.PerformanceAnalysisKit';

hiAppEvent.addWatcher({
  name: "crashWatcher",
  appEventFilters: [{
    domain: hiAppEvent.domain.OS,
    names: [hiAppEvent.event.APP_CRASH]
  }],
  onReceive: (domain, appEventGroups) => { /* process crash */ }
});

Background Tasks — 4 types

Type	API	Duration	Use case
Transient	requestSuspendDelay	~3 min max	Save data, upload logs
Continuous	startBackgroundRunning	Unlimited (needs notification)	Music, navigation, recording
Deferred	workScheduler.startWork	System-determined	Timed sync, cleanup
Agent Reminders	ReminderRequestTimer	System-managed	Alarms, timers

Continuous task example:

import { backgroundTaskManager } from '@kit.BackgroundTasksKit';
import { wantAgent, WantAgent } from '@kit.AbilityKit';

// module.json5: "abilities": [{ "backgroundModes": ["audioRecording"] }]
// permission: ohos.permission.KEEP_BACKGROUND_RUNNING

const info: wantAgent.WantAgentInfo = {
  wants: [{ bundleName: 'com.example.app', abilityName: 'MainAbility' }],
  actionType: wantAgent.OperationType.START_ABILITY,
  requestCode: 0, actionFlags: [wantAgent.WantAgentFlags.UPDATE_PRESENT_FLAG]
};
const agent = await wantAgent.getWantAgent(info);
backgroundTaskManager.startBackgroundRunning(
  this.context, backgroundTaskManager.BackgroundMode.AUDIO_RECORDING, agent
);

9 background modes: dataTransfer · audioPlayback · audioRecording · location · bluetoothInteraction · multiDeviceConnection · taskKeeping (2-in-1 only)

Deferred task frequency by user activity: Active=2h, Frequent=4h, Regular=24h, Rare=48h, Never used=prohibited.

Security coding rules (from official best practices)

1. Set exported: false for non-interactive abilities
2. Validate all parameters crossing trust boundaries (Want intents, rpc.RemoteObject)
3. Use parameterized queries — never string concat for SQL
4. Replace HTTP with HTTPS; validate SSL certificates
5. Never store personal data in clipboard
6. Use Asset Store Kit for sensitive short data (passwords, tokens)
7. Avoid passing personal data through implicit intents
8. Use code obfuscation for production builds
9. Use precise InputType (.USER_NAME, .Password) for system-level protection
10. Never use debug signatures for production releases

Permission check + request pattern:

import { abilityAccessCtrl, bundleManager } from '@kit.AbilityKit';

// Check
const atManager = abilityAccessCtrl.createAtManager();
const bundleInfo = await bundleManager.getBundleInfoForSelf(
  bundleManager.BundleFlag.GET_BUNDLE_INFO_WITH_APPLICATION);
const status = await atManager.checkAccessToken(
  bundleInfo.appInfo.accessTokenId, 'ohos.permission.CAMERA');

// Step 1 — Request from user
const result = await atManager.requestPermissionsFromUser(context,
  ['ohos.permission.CAMERA', 'ohos.permission.MICROPHONE']);
if (result.authResults[0] === 0) {
  // Granted
} else if (result.dialogShownResults?.[0]) {
  // User saw dialog but denied — show in-app guidance, don't re-pop
} else {
  // Step 2 — Fallback: open settings dialog (user previously denied permanently)
  atManager.requestPermissionOnSetting(context,
    ['ohos.permission.CAMERA']).then((statuses) => {
    // statuses[0]: 0 = granted, -1 = denied
  });
}

Data encryption levels: EL1 (device-level) → EL2 (user-level, default) → EL3 (accessible while locked) → EL4 (inaccessible when locked)

Network security config — HTTPS/certificate pinning for production apps:

Create src/main/resources/base/profile/network_config.json:

{
  "network-security-config": {
    "domain-config": [{
      "domains": [{ "include-subdomains": true, "name": "api.example.com" }],
      "trust-anchors": [{ "certificates": "/data/storage/el1/bundle/entry/resources/resfile/ca_cert.pem" }]
    }]
  }
}

Reference in module.json5: "metadata": [{ "name": "NetworkSecurityConfig", "resource": "$profile:network_config" }].

Testing — arkxtest framework

Package: @ohos/hypium (Mocha-style). Three sub-frameworks: JsUnit (unit), UiTest (UI automation), PerfTest (performance).

JsUnit

import { describe, it, expect, beforeAll, beforeEach, afterEach, afterAll } from '@ohos/hypium';

export default function abilityTest() {
  describe('MyTestSuite', () => {
    beforeAll(() => { /* once before all */ });
    beforeEach(() => { /* before each */ });
    afterEach(() => { /* after each */ });
    afterAll(() => { /* once after all */ });

    it('sync_test', 0, () => {
      expect(1 + 1).assertEqual(2);
    });

    it('async_test', 0, async (done: Function) => {
      let result = await someAsyncOp();
      expect(result).assertContain('expected');
      done();
    });
  });
}

Key assertions: assertEqual(v) · assertContain(v) · assertTrue() · assertFalse() · assertNull() · assertUndefined() · assertNaN() · assertInstanceOf(type) · assertThrowError(fn) · assertDeepEquals(v) · assertClose(v, tolerance) · assertLarger(v) · assertLess(v) · not() (negation) · assertPromiseIsResolved() · assertPromiseIsRejected()

Test files in entry/src/ohosTest/ets/test/. For UI automation, see the UiTest section below.

仓颉 (Cangjie) is Huawei's new language (beta) — use ArkTS for all production apps until Cangjie is stable.

ArkCompiler — runtime details

• AOT mode — static type info generates optimized native machine code; no JIT warm-up
• LiteActor concurrency — Actor model with isolated memory per thread; communication via message passing

TaskPool vs Worker

Feature	TaskPool	Worker
Thread management	Automatic (create/reuse/destroy)	Manual lifecycle
Max threads	Auto-scaled to physical cores	Max 64 per process
Task duration limit	3 minutes (excluding async I/O)	Unlimited
Priority	HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW / IDLE	API 18+ only
Cancellation	Supported	Not supported
Thread reuse	Yes	No
Task groups	Yes	No
Delayed/periodic	Yes	No

Use Worker when: tasks exceed 3 minutes, need persistent state, or strongly associated synchronous tasks.

@Concurrent rules

• Required on all TaskPool functions, only in .ets files
• Allowed: regular functions, async functions
• Prohibited: arrow functions, class methods, anonymous functions, generator functions
• No closure variables — cannot reference outer scope; only local vars, params, and imports
• Cannot call other same-file functions (closure violation) — must import them

import { taskpool } from '@kit.ArkTS';

@Concurrent
function heavyCalc(n: number): number { return n * n; }

const result = await taskpool.execute(heavyCalc, 42);

// With priority
const task = new taskpool.Task(heavyCalc, 42);
await taskpool.execute(task, taskpool.Priority.HIGH);

// Delayed and periodic
taskpool.executeDelayed(heavyCalc, 2000, 42);      // after 2s
taskpool.executePeriodically(heavyCalc, 5000, 42);  // every 5s

// TaskGroup — execute multiple tasks as a group
const group = new taskpool.TaskGroup();
group.addTask(heavyCalc, 10);
group.addTask(heavyCalc, 20);
group.addTask(heavyCalc, 30);
const results = await taskpool.execute(group);  // returns array of results

Long-time tasks: async code (Promise/IO) in TaskPool has NO time limit (only CPU-bound sync code is capped at 3 minutes). HarmonyOS 6.0 officially supports long-running async tasks in TaskPool.

@Sendable — shared-heap reference passing

Objects on SharedHeap (process-level, all threads can access) — 100x faster than serialization for 1MB data.

@Sendable
class SharedData {
  value: number = 0;  // must be explicitly initialized
}

Constraints: Can only inherit from Sendable classes. Property types limited to: primitives, Sendable classes, @arkts.collections containers. Cannot add/delete properties at runtime. No computed properties. No # private (use private keyword).

Worker pattern

// Main thread
const worker = new worker.ThreadWorker('entry/ets/workers/myWorker.ets');
worker.postMessage({ type: 'compute', data: payload });
worker.onmessage = (e) => { /* handle result */ };
worker.terminate();

// Worker thread (myWorker.ets)
const workerPort = worker.workerPort;
workerPort.onmessage = (e) => {
  const result = processData(e.data);
  workerPort.postMessage(result);
};

Both TaskPool and Worker: Cannot access AppStorage or UI libraries from worker threads. Different thread contexts prevent context object sharing.

OHPM — package manager

ohpm install @ohos/axios          # install a library
ohpm install                      # install all from oh-package.json5

oh-package.json5 example:

{
  "name": "entry",
  "dependencies": {
    "@ohos/axios": "^2.0.0"
  }
}

OHPM Central Repository: https://developer.huawei.com/consumer/cn/deveco-service

Popular ohpm libraries

@ohos/axios — HTTP client (ohpm install @ohos/axios, requires ohos.permission.INTERNET):

import axios, { AxiosResponse, AxiosError, InternalAxiosRequestConfig } from '@ohos/axios';

// GET (generic response type)
interface UserInfo { id: number; name: string }
axios.get<UserInfo, AxiosResponse<UserInfo>, null>('/user', { params: { ID: 12345 } })
  .then((res: AxiosResponse<UserInfo>) => console.info(res.data.name))
  .catch((err: AxiosError) => console.error(err.message));

// POST
interface NewUser { firstName: string; lastName: string }
axios.post<string, AxiosResponse<string>, NewUser>('/user',
  { firstName: 'Fred', lastName: 'Flintstone' });

// Create instance (recommended for project-wide use)
const http = axios.create({
  baseURL: 'https://api.example.com',
  timeout: 10000,
  headers: { 'X-Custom-Header': 'value' },
});

// Interceptors
http.interceptors.request.use((config: InternalAxiosRequestConfig) => {
  config.headers['Authorization'] = 'Bearer ' + AppStorage.get<string>('token');
  return config;
}, (err: AxiosError) => Promise.reject(err));

http.interceptors.response.use(
  (res: AxiosResponse) => res,
  (err: AxiosError) => {
    if (err.response?.status === 401) { /* redirect to login */ }
    return Promise.reject(err);
  }
);

// File download
import fs from '@ohos.file.fs';
const filePath = getContext(this).cacheDir + '/file.jpg';
axios({ url: 'https://example.com/file.jpg', method: 'get', filePath,
  onDownloadProgress: (e) => {
    console.info('Progress: ' + (e.loaded && e.total ? Math.ceil(e.loaded / e.total * 100) : 0) + '%');
  }
});

// File upload (FormData)
import { FormData } from '@ohos/axios';
const form = new FormData();
form.append('file', 'internal://cache/photo.jpg');
axios.post<string, AxiosResponse<string>, FormData>('/upload', form, {
  headers: { 'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data' },
  onUploadProgress: (e) => console.info(e.loaded + '/' + e.total),
});

// Cancel request
const ctrl = new AbortController();
axios.get('/slow', { signal: ctrl.signal });
ctrl.abort();

responseType: 'string' | 'object' | 'array_buffer'. Mutual TLS requires API 11+.

@ohos/pulltorefresh — pull-down refresh + load-more (ohpm install @ohos/pulltorefresh, supports List/Scroll/Tabs/Grid/WaterFlow, API 12+):

import { PullToRefresh, PullToRefreshType } from '@ohos/pulltorefresh';

@Component
struct NewsPage {
  @State data: string[] = ['Item 1', 'Item 2', 'Item 3'];
  @State refreshing: boolean = false;

  build() {
    PullToRefresh({