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Large-scale system design reference. Use when designing distributed systems, scaling applications, or preparing for system design interviews. Reference concepts like CAP theorem, caching strategies, load balancing, database sharding, and more.
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| name | system-design-primer |
| description | Large-scale system design reference. Use when designing distributed systems, scaling applications, or preparing for system design interviews. Reference concepts like CAP theorem, caching strategies, load balancing, database sharding, and more. |
Comprehensive reference from https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer (344k stars)
"Everything is a trade-off" — Key principle throughout system design.
| Trade-off | Description |
|---|---|
| Performance vs Scalability | Performance = fast for single user; Scalability = fast under heavy load |
| Latency vs Throughput | Latency = time to complete action; Throughput = actions per unit time |
| Availability vs Consistency | CAP Theorem — choose 2 of 3 |
| Pattern | Description | Use Cases |
|---|---|---|
| Weak | Reads may not see writes | VoIP, gaming |
| Eventual | Writes propagate asynchronously | DNS, email |
| Strong | Synchronous replication | RDBMS, file systems |
| Availability | Downtime/Year | Downtime/Month |
|---|---|---|
| 99.9% (3 nines) | 8h 46m | 43m 50s |
| 99.99% (4 nines) | 52m 36s | 4m 23s |
| 99.999% (5 nines) | 5m 15s | 26s |
# Cache-aside pattern (lazy loading)
def get_user(user_id):
user = cache.get(f"user.{user_id}")
if user is None:
user = db.query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE user_id = ?", user_id)
cache.set(f"user.{user_id}", json.dumps(user))
return user
| Strategy | Description |
|---|---|
| Cache-aside | Lazy loading, application manages |
| Write-through | Synchronous write to cache + DB |
| Write-behind | Async write to cache, then DB |
| Refresh-ahead | Pre-expire popular entries |
| Power | Value | Approx |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | 1,024 | 1 KB |
| 20 | 1,048,576 | 1 MB |
| 30 | 1,073,741,824 | 1 GB |
| 40 | 1,099,511,627,776 | 1 TB |
| Operation | Latency |
|---|---|
| L1 cache reference | 0.5 ns |
| L2 cache reference | 7 ns |
| Main memory reference | 100 ns |
| SSD random read | 150 μs |
| HDD seek | 10 ms |
| Round trip datacenter | 500 μs |
| Round trip internet | 50 ms |
Located at /opt/system-design-primer/solutions/system_design/:
mint — Payment systempastebin — URL shortenerquery_cache — Key-value storetwitter — Twitter timeline/searchsocial_graph — Social networkweb_crawler — Web crawlersales_rank — Amazon sales rankingscaling_aws — AWS scalable systemtemplate — Template for new designs