url-to-screenshot

name	url-to-screenshot
description	Use when the user wants to capture a web page (an http or https URL) to a clean PNG screenshot, in viewport or full-page mode, with cookie-consent dismissal, timeouts, SSRF-safe URL admission, and blank-output verification, across Linux, macOS, and Windows. The executable engine ships as the url-to-screenshot-runtime skill.
metadata	{"short-description":"Capture an http(s) URL to a verified PNG with consent dismissal and SSRF-safe admission"}

URL to Screenshot

Capture an arbitrary http(s) URL to a clean, verified PNG (viewport or full page) across Linux, macOS, and Windows. The flow detects an installed browser, admits the URL through a fail-closed SSRF gate, captures over headless Chromium, dismisses cookie-consent overlays, detects blank output, and ends with an explicit verify gate that is the only thing allowed to declare success.

This is the repo's first skill that drives a real browser against an attacker-influenceable URL, so the SSRF, sandbox, and timeout safeguards are first-class and the security posture is documented honestly below.

Windows Runtime Commands

On native Windows, use the managed Windows runner and the native runtime command target. Set $runtime to the installed runtime root. Multi-agent installs usually use %LOCALAPPDATA%\ai-agents-skills\runtime.

$runtime = if ($env:AAS_RUNTIME_ROOT) { $env:AAS_RUNTIME_ROOT } else { "$env:LOCALAPPDATA\ai-agents-skills\runtime" }
& "$runtime\run_skill.bat" "skills/url-to-screenshot-runtime/run_url_to_screenshot.bat" doctor
& "$runtime\run_skill.bat" "skills/url-to-screenshot-runtime/run_url_to_screenshot.ps1" doctor

POSIX examples below use run_skill.sh and the .sh command target.

When to use

Use this skill when the user wants to:

• screenshot a public web page for documentation, research, or QA
• capture a full-page (beyond-viewport) image, not just the visible viewport
• capture at a specific viewport size or device-scale factor
• dismiss a cookie-consent overlay that occludes the content

Do NOT use this to bypass paywalls, age gates, or login walls, or to capture content the agent's own policy would refuse. Consent dismissal is scoped to cookie-consent overlays only.

Runtime helper (verbs)

The executable engine ships as the url-to-screenshot-runtime skill. Run it via the managed runner:

bash "$AAS_RUNTIME_ROOT/run_skill.sh" skills/url-to-screenshot-runtime/run_url_to_screenshot.sh doctor
bash "$AAS_RUNTIME_ROOT/run_skill.sh" skills/url-to-screenshot-runtime/run_url_to_screenshot.sh capture --url https://example.com/ --out shot.png
bash "$AAS_RUNTIME_ROOT/run_skill.sh" skills/url-to-screenshot-runtime/run_url_to_screenshot.sh verify --png shot.png --expected-width 1280 --expected-height 800

Verbs: doctor (readiness), capture (URL -> PNG, SSRF-gated), verify (the artifact-truth gate), selftest (offline smoke).

Key options for capture: --url (required, http/https only), --out, --viewport WxH (or --width/--height), --full-page, --device-scale, --wait, --timeout, --consent on|off, --engine auto|oneshot|cdp, --browser, --allow-private-targets (relaxes the private-IP block ONLY), and --allow-file-urls (trusted local fixtures/testing ONLY) — see Security notes.

Required workflow

1. Run doctor first to confirm a browser is present. file-exists and offline-smoke verification passing does NOT imply a browser is installed -- only doctor reports real capture readiness.
2. Run capture with the target URL. The URL is admitted through the SSRF gate before any browser launch; a blocked URL yields a BLOCKED_* verdict.
3. Run verify on the produced PNG. Treat the capture as done only when verify returns final_verdict=VERIFIED.

Strict approval / verification surface

capture produces a PNG but never declares success. The verify verb is the only thing that declares a real screenshot done: final_verdict=VERIFIED only when file/decode/dimensions/not-blank/consent all PASS. "The file exists", source inspection, or "Chromium exited 0" never constitute final success. Use BLOCKED_* / UNVERIFIED wording for any non-VERIFIED state; do not use approval-style wording for a capture that did not verify.

Security notes

This skill fetches an attacker-influenceable host and drives a sandbox-sensitive browser, so the security posture is stated plainly:

• SSRF admission gate (fail-closed, pre-navigation). validate_target_url enforces a scheme allow-list (http/https only), resolves every A/AAAA and rejects loopback/private/link-local/reserved/multicast addresses, and applies an UNCONDITIONAL cloud-metadata denylist (169.254.169.254, metadata.google.internal, and peers). It is an admission decision only; it cannot bind Chromium's own resolver, redirects, or sub-resource fetches.
• Tier scope. With the default --consent on, ordinary captures enter Tier-2 (CDP) because consent dismissal is a CDP DOM operation; Tier-1 one-shot is the --consent off fallback. In default Tier-1 the only protections are the Python pre-resolve admission gate plus a single --host-resolver-rules MAP pin of the validated initial host, so redirect/sub-resource SSRF is unguarded there (in-scope-and-unmitigated). The PRIMARY browser-side control is Tier-2 CDP Fetch-domain request interception: Fetch is enabled (catch-all, request stage) BEFORE navigation, so every request — main frame, redirects, and sub-resources / JS-initiated fetches — is PAUSED and re-validated (scheme allow-list plus a fresh resolve-and-check of every resolved IP) and FAILED BEFORE SEND on a violation (Fetch.failRequest), never merely observed after the fact. v1 policy: any private/metadata hit aborts the whole capture with the matching BLOCKED_* status; redirects are capped. The --host-resolver-rules pin remains as same-host-rebind defense-in-depth.
• CDP origin posture. The CDP endpoint launches bound to 127.0.0.1 on an ephemeral port with NO --remote-allow-origins flag at all, and the stdlib client sends NO Origin header, so Chromium's default-deny of Origin-bearing CDP applies. The real protections are this default-deny, the per-target webSocketDebuggerUrl GUID plus the loopback bind, and finally teardown. On a shared host, any local process can read the CDP endpoint and per-target GUID from loopback /json during the capture window; the GUID is a loopback handle, not a true secret.
• Override scope. --allow-private-targets relaxes the private/loopback/ link-local block ONLY. It NEVER relaxes the scheme allow-list and NEVER the cloud-metadata denylist. It requires the CLI flag; the env var URL_TO_SCREENSHOT_ALLOW_PRIVATE=1 alone does not enable it, so an inherited or poisoned environment cannot silently disable SSRF blocking.
• --allow-file-urls (trusted fixtures only). Off by default; without it, file:/data:/etc. stay BLOCKED_SCHEME. When set it adds file: to the scheme allow-list so the engine can capture trusted local HTML fixtures (the CI capture job uses it against u2s/htmlfixtures/*.html). It enables LOCAL FILE READS (e.g. file:///etc/passwd), so it is for trusted local fixtures/testing ONLY and must NEVER be used on attacker-influenceable input. Like --allow-private-targets it requires the CLI flag; the environment alone never enables it. A file: URL has no remote host, so the SSRF IP checks do not apply to it.
• Residual limitation. Browser-side DNS rebind on a different redirect/sub-resource host is out of scope of the Python pre-resolve gate; in Tier-2 it is mitigated by per-request CDP Fetch interception (each paused request is re-resolved and re-checked before send), with host-resolver-rules as a same-host-only backstop. The re-resolve at interception time can still differ from the IP the browser ultimately connects to (a TOCTOU window narrowed, not eliminated). Tier-1 one-shot has no per-request hook. This skill never implies full SSRF protection.

References

• references/engine-and-cdp.md — CDP websocket (no --remote-allow-origins flag, no client Origin header), per-target GUID loopback handle, consent DOM removal, one-shot fallback, CDP Fetch-domain request interception (blocks before send, all hosts).
• references/browsers-and-platforms.md — browser detection order and per-OS notes.
• references/verification-gates.md — blank-output detection, render-wait / timeout semantics, the strict verify gate, and SSRF admission-vs-navigation scope.

Boundaries

• The executable engine ships as the url-to-screenshot-runtime skill; this skill-file is the user-facing workflow and references.
• On openclaw, NEITHER skill installs natively: this skill-file ships references/ files (a non-SKILL.md payload) so the openclaw skill-file install is blocked, and openclaw runtime support is manual/fake-root. Neither runs on openclaw real-system until an approved runtime manifest and broker exist.
• file-exists / offline-smoke verification passing does NOT imply a browser is present. Real capture readiness is reported only by doctor.
• The real native browser capture / CDP / timeout-reap tier on Windows and macOS is not exercised by automated CI; it requires a manual doctor + capture run. Windows job-object/taskkill reaping and locked-file profile cleanup are verified only by manual Windows runs.