es-toolkit

name

es-toolkit

description

es-toolkit utility library guide for modern JavaScript/TypeScript. Use when: (1) Writing utility functions (array manipulation, object transforms, string conversion, math operations, type checks), (2) Migrating from lodash, (3) Needing debounce/throttle/retry, (4) Working with async primitives (Mutex, Semaphore, delay), (5) Any code that could use es-toolkit instead of custom implementation. Triggers on: es-toolkit, lodash, utility function, debounce, throttle, groupBy, pick, omit, merge, cloneDeep, snakeCase, camelCase, isNil, isEqual, retry, Mutex, Semaphore, attempt. Do NOT use for: general JavaScript questions unrelated to utilities, or React/framework-specific code.

es-toolkit Usage Guide

es-toolkit is a modern JavaScript utility library — 2-3x faster and up to 97% smaller than lodash. It has 100% test coverage, built-in TypeScript types, and supports Node.js 18+, Deno, Bun, and browsers.

Import Rules

ALWAYS use subpath imports for tree-shaking. NEVER import from the top-level barrel.

// CORRECT — subpath imports (tree-shakeable)
import { groupBy } from "es-toolkit/array";
import { debounce } from "es-toolkit/function";
import { pick, omit } from "es-toolkit/object";
import { snakeCase } from "es-toolkit/string";
import { sum } from "es-toolkit/math";
import { isNil } from "es-toolkit/predicate";
import { delay, Mutex, Semaphore } from "es-toolkit/promise";
import { attempt } from "es-toolkit/util";
import { mapKeys } from "es-toolkit/map";
import { keyBy } from "es-toolkit/set";

// ALSO CORRECT — top-level for classes/quick scripts
import { Mutex, Semaphore } from "es-toolkit";

// CORRECT — compat layer (lodash-compatible API)
import { get, set, template } from "es-toolkit/compat";

// WRONG — never do this
import _ from "es-toolkit";
import { groupBy } from "es-toolkit/dist/array";

Decision Guide

Before writing any utility function, check this hierarchy:

1. Native JS/TS — Use native when it's equally readable and performant

   • Array.prototype.map/filter/reduce/find/some/every/flat/flatMap
   • Object.keys/values/entries/assign/fromEntries
   • structuredClone() for deep cloning (but cloneDeep handles edge cases better)
   • ?. optional chaining instead of get(obj, 'a.b.c')

2. es-toolkit — Use when native is verbose, error-prone, or missing the operation

   • Array: groupBy, sortBy, orderBy, uniq, uniqBy, difference, intersection, union, chunk, zip, shuffle, sample
   • Object: pick, omit, pickBy, omitBy, merge, toMerged, cloneDeep, invert
   • String: camelCase, snakeCase, kebabCase, capitalize, pascalCase, constantCase, deburr, escapeRegExp
   • Function: debounce, throttle, once, memoize, retry, flow, flowRight, noop
   • Math: sum, sumBy, mean, meanBy, round, clamp, inRange, random, randomInt
   • Predicate: isNil, isNotNil, isEqual, isEqualWith, isEmpty, isPlainObject

Quick Reference — Most Used Functions

Array

import {
  groupBy,
  sortBy,
  uniqBy,
  difference,
  chunk,
  zip,
  sample,
  countBy,
  flatMapDeep,
  orderBy,
} from "es-toolkit/array";

groupBy(items, item => item.category); // Record<string, T[]>
sortBy(users, [u => u.age, u => u.name]); // T[] — stable multi-key sort
orderBy(users, ["age", "name"], ["asc", "desc"]); // T[] — with direction control
uniqBy(items, item => item.id); // T[] — unique by key
difference([1, 2, 3], [2, 3]); // [1]
chunk([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 2); // [[1,2], [3,4], [5]]
zip(["a", "b"], [1, 2]); // [["a",1], ["b",2]]
sample([1, 2, 3]); // random element
([, , , ],  (n %  ===  ?  : )); 

Object

import {
  pick,
  omit,
  merge,
  toMerged,
  cloneDeep,
  pickBy,
  omitBy,
  invert,
  clone,
} from "es-toolkit/object";

pick(user, ["name", "email"]); // { name, email }
omit(user, ["password", "secret"]); // everything except those keys
merge(target, source); // deep merge (MUTATES target)
toMerged(target, source); // deep merge (returns NEW object)
cloneDeep(complexObj); // deep clone (handles Date, RegExp, Map, Set)
pickBy(obj, (value, key) => value != null); // pick by predicate
invert({ a: "1", b: "2" }); // { "1": "a", "2": "b" }

Function

import {
  debounce,
  throttle,
  once,
  retry,
  flow,
  memoize,
  noop,
  identity,
} from "es-toolkit/function";

// Debounce with cancel/flush and AbortSignal support
const search = debounce(query => fetchResults(query), 300);
search.cancel();
search.flush();

// Debounce with leading edge
const leading = debounce(fn, 300, { edges: ["leading"] });

// Throttle
const onScroll = throttle(handleScroll, 100);

// Retry with exponential backoff
const data = await retry(fetchData, {
  retries: 5,
  delay: attempt => Math.min(100 * 2 ** attempt, 5000),
  shouldRetry: (err, attempt) => err.status >= 500,
  signal: controller.signal,
});

// Function composition pipeline
const transform = flow(trim, toLowerCase, split(" "), filterEmpty);

// Execute only once
 initialize = ( ());

Promise & Concurrency

import { delay, timeout, Mutex, Semaphore } from "es-toolkit/promise";

await delay(1000); // wait 1 second
const result = await timeout(fetchData(), 5000); // timeout after 5s

// Mutex — single concurrent task
const mutex = new Mutex();
await mutex.acquire();
try {
  /* critical section */
} finally {
  mutex.release();
}

// Semaphore — N concurrent tasks
const sem = new Semaphore(3);
await sem.acquire();
try {
  /* max 3 concurrent */
} finally {
  sem.release();
}

String

import {
  camelCase,
  snakeCase,
  kebabCase,
  pascalCase,
  capitalize,
  constantCase,
  deburr,
  escapeRegExp,
} from "es-toolkit/string";

camelCase("foo-bar"); // "fooBar"
snakeCase("fooBar"); // "foo_bar"
kebabCase("FooBar"); // "foo-bar"
pascalCase("foo-bar"); // "FooBar"
constantCase("fooBar"); // "FOO_BAR"
capitalize("hello"); // "Hello"
deburr("cafe\u0301"); // "cafe"
escapeRegExp("a.b*c"); // "a\\.b\\*c"

Math

import {
  sum,
  sumBy,
  mean,
  meanBy,
  round,
  clamp,
  inRange,
  random,
  randomInt,
} from "es-toolkit/math";

sum([1, 2, 3]); // 6
sumBy(products, p => p.price * p.quantity); // total
round(1.2345, 2); // 1.23
clamp(15, 0, 10); // 10
inRange(5, 1, 10); // true
randomInt(1, 100); // random integer in [1, 100)

Predicate (Type Guards)

import { isNil, isNotNil, isEqual, isEmpty, isPlainObject } from "es-toolkit/predicate";

isNil(null); // true — null or undefined
isNotNil(value); // true — narrows type to exclude null/undefined
isEqual({ a: 1 }, { a: 1 }); // true — deep structural equality
isEmpty([]); // true
isPlainObject({}); // true

Util

import { attempt, attemptAsync, invariant } from "es-toolkit/util";

// Safe sync execution — returns [error, result] tuple
const [error, result] = attempt(() => JSON.parse(input));

// Safe async execution
const [error, data] = await attemptAsync(async () => {
  const res = await fetch("/api/data");
  return res.json();
});

// Invariant — throws if condition is falsy
invariant(user != null, "User must exist");

Lodash Migration

For complete lodash migration details, see references/lodash-migration.md.

Key points:

• es-toolkit/compat provides 100% lodash test compatibility (v1.39.3+)
• Import from es-toolkit/compat for drop-in replacement
• Prefer native es-toolkit over es-toolkit/compat for better performance
• NOT supported: sortedUniq, sortedUniqBy, mixin, noConflict, runInContext, method chaining (Seq)

Full API Catalog

For the complete list of all functions by category, see references/api-catalog.md.