辨菌
用形、孢印、棲、時辨菌。安全至先。
用
- 遇未知菌→辨
- 採食者→食前必確種
- 察庭園菌是否有害
- 練形觀察
- 分可食與致命類
入
- 必：菌標本或現場清觀
- 必：細形觀能（蓋、褶、柄、基）
- 可：本域野外指南
- 可：紙與玻璃杯（孢印）
- 可：刀（切剖）
- 可：手鏡 10x（細節）
行
一：主則
一切辨前，內化菌學絕對則。
CARDINAL RULE:
If you are not 100% certain of the identification, DO NOT EAT IT.
There is no "universal edibility test" for mushrooms.
Some deadly species taste pleasant.
Some deadly species have delayed symptoms (24-72 hours).
Some deadly species have NO antidote.
The cost of a false positive (eating a misidentified mushroom) is
organ failure and death. The cost of a false negative (skipping an
edible mushroom) is a missed meal.
ALWAYS ERR TOWARD CAUTION.
得：主則內化，方進。
敗：此步無失敗模。則未內化→勿進食用辨識。
二：記棲
脈絡先窄範圍，再觸標本。
Habitat Recording:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Factor | Record |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Substrate | Soil, wood (dead/living), dung, leaf |
| | litter, moss, other fungi |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Tree association | What trees are within 10m? (Many fungi |
| | are mycorrhizal with specific tree genera)|
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Moisture | Dry, damp, wet, waterlogged |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Light | Full shade, dappled, open |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Season | Early spring, late spring, summer, early |
| | autumn, late autumn, winter |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Altitude | Lowland, mid-altitude, montane |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Growth pattern | Solitary, scattered, clustered, ring, |
| | shelf/bracket |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
得：棲地全記，為種級辨識提供脈絡。
敗：棲地不明（如都市雜種庭）→記所見。棲訊缺→辨識信心降，納入安全評估。
三：察形
標本系統察。
Morphological Checklist:
CAP (Pileus):
- Shape: convex, flat, concave, conical, umbonate, bell-shaped
- Diameter (measure or estimate)
- Surface: smooth, scaly, fibrous, slimy, dry, cracked
- Colour (note if colour changes with age or moisture)
- Margin: smooth, striate, inrolled, appendiculate (veil remnants)
GILLS / PORES / SPINES (Hymenium):
- Type: gills (lamellae), pores (tubes), spines (teeth), smooth
- Attachment: free, adnexed, adnate, decurrent
- Spacing: crowded, close, distant
- Colour (important — note changes with age)
- Bruising: do gills change colour when damaged?
STEM (Stipe):
- Height and diameter
- Shape: equal, tapered, bulbous, club-shaped
- Surface: smooth, fibrous, scaly, reticulate (netted)
- Interior: solid, hollow, stuffed (pithy center)
- Ring (annulus): present/absent, position, persistent/fragile
- Volva (cup at base): present/absent — ALWAYS check by
carefully excavating the base (Amanita species have a volva)
FLESH (Context):
- Colour when cut
- Colour change on exposure to air (note time to change)
- Texture: firm, brittle, fibrous, gelatinous
- Smell: mushroomy, anise, radish, flour, chlorine, unpleasant
- Taste: (ONLY if species is confirmed non-deadly by an expert;
for unknown species, DO NOT taste)
SPORE PRINT:
- Remove the stem; place the cap gill-side down on paper
(half white, half dark paper to see any colour)
- Cover with a glass or bowl to maintain humidity
- Wait 4-12 hours
- Record spore colour: white, cream, pink, brown, purple-brown,
black, rust-orange
得：形描全，涵諸大徵。
敗：某徵無法察（如環或已失）→記「未察」，非「無」。此分對辨識關鍵。
四：多證確認
諸數據交叉參考資料。
Identification Protocol:
1. Use habitat + season to narrow to likely genera
2. Use cap shape + gill type + spore colour to narrow to species group
3. Check ALL features against the candidate species description
4. Specifically check against dangerous look-alikes:
- Does this species have a deadly doppelganger?
- What feature distinguishes the edible from the deadly?
- Can I see that distinguishing feature clearly?
Confidence Levels:
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Level | Criteria | Action |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Certain | All features match; no | Safe to collect (for |
| | look-alike confusion; | experienced identifiers) |
| | experienced with species | |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Probable | Most features match; | DO NOT eat. Collect for |
| | one or two uncertain; | further study (spore |
| | look-alike eliminated | print, expert review) |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Possible | Some features match; | DO NOT eat. Photograph |
| | look-alike not fully | and seek expert opinion |
| | eliminated | |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| Unknown | Cannot narrow to species | DO NOT eat. DO NOT |
| | | handle extensively |
+----------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
得：種級辨識，顯信心與類致命類評估。
敗：僅至屬級→學習可。食則僅「確定」方可。
驗
忌
- 倚單徵：僅色似雞油菌。真雞油菌有偽褶、生土近樹、特定杏香。偽雞油與南瓜燈色同而他徵皆異
- 略察基：不掘基則失菌托——致命毒蠅傘之最要徵
- 盲信應用：AI 菌識誤率高。僅起點，非確認
- 以常見=安全：豐度非可食之證。致命種或地方豐
- 嘗未知：嘗為診斷需專家級。非專家勿嘗
- 忽遲毒：Amanita phalloides 味悅而症狀遲。症狀現時（24-48 時）肝損已重
- 信群智：「此地皆食此」未必全非誤。文化可誤傳，致命種或生同地
- 信熟：「常煮可除毒」於 Amanita 無效。熱不破毒肽
參
mushroom-cultivationforage-plants
