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Enterprise scaling patterns for microservices, event-driven architecture, and distributed systems
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基于 SOC 职业分类
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| name | scaling-patterns |
| version | 2.0.0 |
| description | Enterprise scaling patterns for microservices, event-driven architecture, and distributed systems |
| sasmp_version | 1.3.0 |
| bonded_agent | 07-scaling-patterns |
| bond_type | PRIMARY_BOND |
| atomic_design | {"single_responsibility":"Distributed systems and scaling architecture","boundaries":{"includes":["microservices","event_driven","saga","circuit_breaker","cqrs","ai_agents"],"excludes":["infrastructure","database_optimization","security"]}} |
| parameter_validation | {"schema":{"type":"object","properties":{"pattern":{"type":"string","enum":["saga","circuit_breaker","cqrs","event_sourcing","bulkhead"]},"scale":{"type":"string","enum":["startup","growth","enterprise"]},"communication":{"type":"string","enum":["sync","async","hybrid"]}}}} |
| retry_config | {"enabled":true,"max_attempts":5,"backoff":{"type":"exponential","initial_delay_ms":1000,"max_delay_ms":60000,"jitter":true}} |
| logging | {"level":"INFO","fields":["pattern","service","correlation_id","duration_ms"]} |
| dependencies | {"skills":[],"agents":["07-scaling-patterns"]} |
Design and implement scalable distributed systems with proven patterns.
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ API Gateway │
│ (Authentication, Rate Limiting, Routing, Load Balancing) │
└─────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────┘
│
┌────────────────┼────────────────┐
│ │ │
┌────▼────┐ ┌────▼────┐ ┌────▼────┐
│ User │ │ Order │ │ Product │
│ Service │ │ Service │ │ Service │
└────┬────┘ └────┬────┘ └────┬────┘
│ │ │
┌────▼────┐ ┌────▼────┐ ┌────▼────┐
│ User DB │ │Order DB │ │Prod. DB │
└─────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────┘
// Synchronous (REST/gRPC)
class OrderService {
constructor(
private userClient: UserServiceClient,
private productClient: ProductServiceClient,
) {}
async createOrder(userId: string, productId: string) {
// Validate user exists
const user = await this.userClient.getUser(userId);
if (!user) throw new NotFoundError('User not found');
// Check product availability
const product = await this..(productId);
(!product.) ();
..({ userId, productId });
}
}
{
() {
order = ..({
userId,
productId,
: ,
});
..(, {
: order.,
userId,
productId,
: (),
});
order;
}
}
// Event handlers in each service
// Order Service
class OrderEventHandler {
@EventHandler('order.created')
async onOrderCreated(event: OrderCreatedEvent) {
// Emit next event in chain
await this.eventBus.publish('payment.requested', {
orderId: event.orderId,
amount: event.total,
});
}
@EventHandler('payment.failed')
async onPaymentFailed(event: PaymentFailedEvent) {
// Compensating transaction
await this.orderRepository.update(event.orderId, { status: 'cancelled' });
await this.eventBus.publish('order.cancelled', { orderId: event.orderId });
}
}
// Payment Service
class PaymentEventHandler {
@EventHandler('payment.requested')
async onPaymentRequested(event: PaymentRequestedEvent) {
try {
await this.paymentGateway.charge(event.amount);
await this.eventBus.publish('payment.completed', {
orderId: event.orderId,
});
} catch (error) {
await this.eventBus.publish('payment.failed', {
orderId: event.orderId,
reason: error.message,
});
}
}
}
class OrderSaga {
private steps: SagaStep[] = [
{
name: 'reserveInventory',
execute: (ctx) => this.inventoryService.reserve(ctx.productId, ctx.quantity),
compensate: (ctx) => this.inventoryService.release(ctx.productId, ctx.quantity),
},
{
name: 'processPayment',
execute: (ctx) => this.paymentService.charge(ctx.userId, ctx.amount),
compensate: (ctx) => this.paymentService.refund(ctx.paymentId),
},
{
name: 'createShipment',
execute: (ctx) => this.shippingService.create(ctx.orderId, ctx.address),
compensate: (ctx) => this.shippingService.cancel(ctx.shipmentId),
},
];
async execute(context: OrderContext) {
const completedSteps: SagaStep[] = [];
for (const step of this.steps) {
try {
const result = await step.execute(context);
context = { ...context, ...result };
completedSteps.push(step);
} catch (error) {
// Rollback in reverse order
for (const completedStep of completedSteps.reverse()) {
await completedStep.compensate(context);
}
throw new SagaExecutionError(step.name, error);
}
}
return context;
}
}
enum CircuitState {
CLOSED = 'CLOSED',
OPEN = 'OPEN',
HALF_OPEN = 'HALF_OPEN',
}
class CircuitBreaker {
private state = CircuitState.CLOSED;
private failureCount = 0;
private successCount = 0;
private lastFailureTime?: Date;
constructor(
private readonly options: {
failureThreshold: number; // Failures before opening
successThreshold: number; // Successes in half-open to close
timeout: number; // Time in open state before half-open
}
) {}
async execute<T>(fn: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
if (this.state === CircuitState.OPEN) {
if (this.shouldAttemptReset()) {
this.state = CircuitState.HALF_OPEN;
} else {
throw new CircuitBreakerOpenError();
}
}
try {
const result = await fn();
this.onSuccess();
return result;
} catch (error) {
this.onFailure();
throw error;
}
}
private onSuccess() {
this.failureCount = 0;
if (this.state === CircuitState.HALF_OPEN) {
this.successCount++;
if (this.successCount >= this.options.successThreshold) {
this.state = CircuitState.CLOSED;
this.successCount = 0;
}
}
}
private onFailure() {
this.failureCount++;
this.lastFailureTime = new Date();
if (this.failureCount >= this.options.failureThreshold) {
this.state = CircuitState.OPEN;
}
}
private shouldAttemptReset(): boolean {
if (!this.lastFailureTime) return false;
const elapsed = Date.now() - this.lastFailureTime.getTime();
return elapsed >= this.options.timeout;
}
}
// Usage
const userServiceBreaker = new CircuitBreaker({
failureThreshold: 5,
successThreshold: 3,
timeout: 30000,
});
async function getUser(id: string) {
return userServiceBreaker.execute(() => userService.get(id));
}
// Event Store
interface DomainEvent {
id: string;
aggregateId: string;
aggregateType: string;
eventType: string;
payload: unknown;
timestamp: Date;
version: number;
}
class EventStore {
async append(events: DomainEvent[]): Promise<void> {
await this.db.transaction(async (tx) => {
for (const event of events) {
await tx.insert('events', event);
}
});
// Publish to message bus
for (const event of events) {
await this.messageBus.publish(event.eventType, event);
}
}
async getEvents(aggregateId: string, fromVersion = 0): Promise<DomainEvent[]> {
return this.db.query(
'SELECT * FROM events WHERE aggregate_id = ? AND version > ? ORDER BY version',
[aggregateId, fromVersion]
);
}
}
// Aggregate
class OrderAggregate {
private events: DomainEvent[] = [];
private state: OrderState = { status: 'draft', items: [] };
static async load(eventStore: EventStore, id: string): Promise<OrderAggregate> {
const aggregate = new OrderAggregate();
const events = await eventStore.getEvents(id);
events.forEach((e) => aggregate.apply(e, false));
return aggregate;
}
addItem(productId: string, quantity: number): void {
this.apply({
eventType: 'ItemAdded',
payload: { productId, quantity },
});
}
submit(): void {
if (this.state.items.length === 0) {
throw new Error('Cannot submit empty order');
}
this.apply({ eventType: 'OrderSubmitted', payload: {} });
}
private apply(event: Partial<DomainEvent>, isNew = true): void {
// Update state based on event
switch (event.eventType) {
case 'ItemAdded':
this.state.items.push(event.payload);
break;
case 'OrderSubmitted':
this.state.status = 'submitted';
break;
}
if (isNew) {
this.events.push(event as DomainEvent);
}
}
getUncommittedEvents(): DomainEvent[] {
return this.events;
}
}
// CQRS: Separate read model
class OrderReadModel {
async project(event: DomainEvent): Promise<void> {
switch (event.eventType) {
case 'OrderSubmitted':
await this.db.query(
'UPDATE orders_view SET status = ?, submitted_at = ? WHERE id = ?',
['submitted', event.timestamp, event.aggregateId]
);
break;
}
}
}
// Tool-use pattern for AI agents
interface Tool {
name: string;
description: string;
parameters: JSONSchema;
execute: (params: unknown) => Promise<unknown>;
}
class AIAgentService {
private tools: Map<string, Tool> = new Map();
registerTool(tool: Tool): void {
this.tools.set(tool.name, tool);
}
async executeWorkflow(prompt: string): Promise<AgentResponse> {
const messages: Message[] = [{ role: 'user', content: prompt }];
while (true) {
const response = await this.llm.chat({
messages,
tools: Array.from(this.tools.values()),
});
if (response.stopReason === 'end_turn') {
return { result: response.content, steps: messages };
}
if (response.stopReason === 'tool_use') {
const toolCalls = response.toolCalls;
const results = await Promise.all(
toolCalls.map(async (call) => {
const tool = this.tools.get(call.name);
if (!tool) throw new Error(`Unknown tool: ${call.name}`);
return {
toolCallId: call.id,
result: await tool.execute(call.parameters),
};
})
);
messages.push(
{ role: 'assistant', content: response.content, toolCalls },
{ role: 'tool', toolResults: results }
);
}
}
}
}
// Register tools
agentService.registerTool({
name: 'search_orders',
description: 'Search orders by customer or status',
parameters: {
type: 'object',
properties: {
customerId: { type: 'string' },
status: { type: 'string', enum: ['pending', 'shipped', 'delivered'] },
},
},
execute: async (params) => orderService.search(params),
});
import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
describe('Scaling Patterns', () => {
describe('Circuit Breaker', () => {
let breaker: CircuitBreaker;
beforeEach(() => {
breaker = new CircuitBreaker({
failureThreshold: 3,
successThreshold: 2,
timeout: 1000,
});
});
it('should open after failure threshold', async () => {
const failingFn = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('fail'));
for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
await expect(breaker.execute(failingFn)).rejects.toThrow();
}
await expect(breaker.execute(failingFn)).rejects.toThrow(CircuitBreakerOpenError);
});
it('should close after success threshold in half-open', async () => {
// Open the circuit
const failingFn = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('fail'));
for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
await expect(breaker.execute(failingFn)).rejects.toThrow();
}
// Wait for timeout
await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 1100));
// Succeed twice to close
const successFn = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue('ok');
await breaker.execute(successFn);
await breaker.execute(successFn);
expect(breaker.state).toBe(CircuitState.CLOSED);
});
});
describe('SAGA', () => {
it('should rollback on failure', async () => {
const saga = new OrderSaga();
const compensateSpy = vi.fn();
saga.steps[1].compensate = compensateSpy;
saga.steps[2].execute = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('fail'));
await expect(saga.execute({})).rejects.toThrow(SagaExecutionError);
expect(compensateSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
});
describe('Event Sourcing', () => {
it('should rebuild state from events', async () => {
const events = [
{ eventType: 'ItemAdded', payload: { productId: '1', quantity: 2 } },
{ eventType: 'ItemAdded', payload: { productId: '2', quantity: 1 } },
{ eventType: 'OrderSubmitted', payload: {} },
];
const aggregate = OrderAggregate.fromEvents(events);
expect(aggregate.state.items).toHaveLength(2);
expect(aggregate.state.status).toBe('submitted');
});
});
});
| Issue | Cause | Solution |
|---|---|---|
| Cascading failures | No circuit breaker | Implement circuit breaker pattern |
| Data inconsistency | Distributed transaction | Use SAGA with compensation |
| Event ordering issues | Async processing | Use sequence numbers, idempotency |
| Slow event replay | Too many events | Use snapshots |
| Lost messages | No retry mechanism | Use durable queues, dead-letter |