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CI workflow conventions for fsdk-containers. Use when writing or editing .github/workflows/*.yml, debugging a failing build job, adding a new CI step, or checking a change against the org-wide CI job budget.
默认使用会先检查来源的 Prompt；你也可以切换为直接命令，或下载本地副本。
决定是否安装前，请先阅读 SKILL.md，以及 SkillsMP 当前展示的配套文件。
用 Codex 或 Claude 帮你安装 复制这段 Prompt，粘贴到 Codex、Claude 或其他助手里，让它检查 Skill 页面并帮你完成安装。
直接命令不会经过审查 Prompt；运行前请先检查来源。
npx skills add https://github.com/projectbluefin/fsdk-containers --skill ci-tooling命令会保持在同一行。复制前请横向滚动并检查完整内容。
想先保存到本地？可下载 SkillsMP 当前能够提供的文件。
正在显示 SKILL.md
| name | ci-tooling |
| version | 1.3 |
| last_updated | 2026-08-20T00:00:00.000Z |
| id | ci-tooling |
| one_line_purpose | Write and debug the GitHub Actions workflows that build and publish images. |
| entry_point | docs/skills/ci-tooling/SKILL.md |
| category | ci-ops |
| mcp_compliance_level | partial |
| optimization_status | draft |
| status | active |
| dependencies | [] |
| tags | ["ci","github-actions","workflows","publishing","scaling","attestation"] |
| description | CI workflow conventions for fsdk-containers. Use when writing or editing .github/workflows/*.yml, debugging a failing build job, adding a new CI step, or checking a change against the org-wide CI job budget. |
| metadata | {"type":"reference"} |
bump-fsdk-version.md)just verify gate logic (see verify-distroless.md)Every uses: line must reference a full commit SHA. Never use @v2 or @main.
# correct
- uses: taiki-e/install-action@16b05812d776ae1dfaabc8277e421fb6d2506419 # v2
# wrong — mutable tag, supply-chain risk
- uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
Check sibling repos (projectbluefin/dakota, projectbluefin/common) for the
current pinned SHA of any action before adding it.
just — taiki-e/install-action, not snap/cargo/apt- uses: taiki-e/install-action@16b05812d776ae1dfaabc8277e421fb6d2506419 # v2
with:
tool: just
sudo scopeUse rootless podman in build and verify jobs wherever possible. Only use sudo podman when the step genuinely requires root (e.g. BST artifact cache access).
Do not mix sudo podman and plain podman within the same job — pick one
based on what the runner supports and stay consistent.
The sudo_cmd Just variable auto-detects at recipe startup:
sudo_cmd := if `podman info >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo 1 || echo 0` == "1" { "" } else { "sudo" }
Personal Access Tokens (PATs) are strictly banned in this organization. To perform cross-repository operations, trigger other workflows, or write back to branches, always generate a GitHub App installation token using the Mergeraptor app:
- name: Get mergeraptor token
id: app-token
uses: actions/create-github-app-token@bcd2ba49218906704ab6c1aa796996da409d3eb1 # v3
with:
app-id: ${{ secrets.MERGERAPTOR_APP_ID }}
private-key: ${{ secrets.MERGERAPTOR_PRIVATE_KEY }}
renovate.json has one custom.regex manager driven by # renovate: datasource=... depName=... annotations in .bst files and the Justfile. For
git_repo sources the annotation sits on track: (e.g. buildah.bst:
datasource=github-tags depName=containers/buildah); Renovate bumps the tag,
then refresh-bst-refs.yml re-runs bst source track on the PR branch to
write the matching commit ref: — neither tool does both halves alone. See
track-upstream-versions.md for the full contract.
Archive and remote binary sources pin a sha256 ref: refreshed by the same
workflow. Do not restore the old generic regex manager: a release version
alone cannot identify or verify the exact archive artifact.
Pushes made with the default GITHUB_TOKEN do not trigger other GitHub Actions workflows. To trigger downstream workflows or standard build runs from an automated update:
auto/update-fsdk) and create a Pull Request using the Mergeraptor token.repository_dispatch event (e.g. fsdk-updated) using the Mergeraptor token as the authorization token.client_payload:
- uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
with:
ref: ${{ github.event.client_payload.ref || github.ref }}
The constraint is concurrency, not the 256-job matrix limit. This trips people up because the matrix limit is the documented number everyone quotes.
| Limit | Value | Raisable? |
|---|---|---|
| Job matrix | 256 jobs / workflow run | No |
| Concurrent jobs, Team plan | 60, shared across the whole org | Yes, support ticket |
| Job execution time (GH-hosted) | 6 hours | No |
| Unique reusable workflows / top-level file | 50 (nesting 10 deep) | — |
projectbluefin is on the Team plan, so all 60 concurrent job slots are shared by every
repository in the org — not 60 per repo, and not 60 per workflow.
Each OCI image costs 5 jobs: build x2 arch, manifest x1, publish-smoke x2 arch. With
~5 jobs of non-OCI overhead per run (matrix, summary, vm-guest), a full catalog run
saturates the org at roughly 11 images:
(60 - 5 overhead) / 5 jobs per image = 11 images
Failure here does not look like a failure. Jobs queue rather than error, so the symptom is every other repo in the org waiting behind a catalog build, with nothing pointing at the cause. Watch the job count, not just the red X.
Build time is not the constraint and has never been: the entire 7-image catalog builds serially
in ~40 minutes on x86_64 (~29 on aarch64) against a 180-minute job timeout. Fan-out is
mostly scheduling overhead.
Today the matrix job resolves oci_images from elements/targets.json and
the build fans out one reusable call per image — adding image N+1 changes
no workflow file. The agreed remedy (#127) if the budget binds is sharding:
matrix entries become batches of ~10 images, giving jobs = 5 x ceil(N / 10).
Re-derive the batch size when any single image's build exceeds ~18 minutes.
When batching a loop over images, do not set -e out of the loop. Collect per-image
results, print one line per image, and exit non-zero at the end — otherwise one bad image hides
the other nine behind a single click.
gh run view --log / --log-failed show only what a step printed to stdout. Anything a job
uploads with actions/upload-artifact — captured serial consoles, core dumps, test output — is
not in the logs and must be downloaded separately:
$ gh run view <run-id> --json jobs --jq '.jobs[] | select(.conclusion=="failure") | .name'
$ gh run download <run-id> -n <artifact-name>
This is not hypothetical. #110 (podman-vm guest fails its boot test under FSDK 26.08) sat
undiagnosed for ~12 hours with main red, recorded as "CI logs for this job could not be
retrieved [...] without the captured serial console there was nothing to diagnose from" — while
vm-guest.yml had been uploading vm-boot-serial-<arch> on every single failure. The whole
diagnosis was one gh run download away.
Before writing "cannot reproduce" or "no logs available", list the run's artifacts. If a job captures diagnostic state on failure, say so in the failure message itself so the next person does not have to know the artifact exists:
FAIL: guest did not reach its ready point within 300s
(serial console uploaded as artifact 'vm-boot-serial-x86_64')
| Rationalization | Reality |
|---|---|
| "It's just a minor version tag, supply-chain risk is low." | One compromised tag push owns every repo using it. Pin to SHA. |
| "I'll check what SHA other repos use later." | Check now — it's one gh api call and takes 10 seconds. |
"just validate passes, the PR is fine." | Graph resolution is not a build. Every red main push in this repo's history was green at PR time for exactly this reason. |
| "Building on PRs is too expensive." | Building everything is. The gate builds only what the diff can break, and a shared-path change builds one canary. |
| "We're nowhere near the 256-job matrix limit." | 256 is the wrong number. 60 concurrent jobs, shared org-wide, binds ~23x earlier — at ~11 images. |
| "Adding one image only costs one job." | It costs five: build x2, manifest, publish-smoke x2. |
| "CI is slow, so shrink the build." | Measure first. The full catalog builds in 40 min/arch; the cost is job scheduling, not compilation. |
| "The build didn't fail, so we're within limits." | Exceeding concurrency queues jobs, it doesn't fail them. The damage lands on other repos in the org. |
| "The publish step is skipped on PRs anyway." | An if: is one careless edit from being wrong. PR jobs have no publish code path at all. |
| "GITHUB_TOKEN is fine for the bot's push." | It cannot trigger workflows, so the resulting PR carries no checks — and Renovate was set to auto-merge those. |
| "Mergeraptor needs new permissions for that." | It is an org-level app; the permissions and secrets already exist. Reuse them. |
| "The logs are empty, so there is nothing to diagnose." | Check gh run download. Artifacts are not in the logs, and #110 stalled 12 hours on exactly this. |
uses: line with a mutable ref (@v2, @main, @latest)sudo podman in one job and plain podman in another job doing the same operationpull_request eventsecrets.GITHUB_TOKEN instead of a Mergeraptor tokenoci_images without a matching image_paths entry — its PRs would build nothingset -e — the first failure masks every image after itactions/attest with push-to-registry: true given anything but one subjectgh attestation verify command with no --signer-workflow/--signer-repoactions/checkout without persist-credentials: false in a job that does not pushuses: line has a full 40-char SHA and a # vX commentactionlint passes (actionlint locally, or the actionlint workflow)just verify passes locally (or in CI) after workflow changesjust changed-targets <base> HEAD selects the targets you expectThe manifest job uses SHA-pinned actions/attest with contents: read,
packages: write, attestations: write, id-token: write; the subject is the
fully-qualified repo name plus resolved multi-arch digest, pushed to the
registry. For the gotchas that constrain CI authoring — mandatory
--signer-repo on verify (reusable-workflow signer), push-to-registry's
single-subject limit vs. the subject-checksums escape hatch, and the VM
disk's subject-path pattern — see
signing-and-sbom.md. The single-subject limit is why
any batching of the publish path must loop oras/cosign in shell instead
(see the job budget above).
references/workflow-structure.md — CI Tooling — Workflow Structurereferences/build-and-manifest-notes.md — CI Tooling — Build-time Deps and Manifest Annotations