菜单
Guide users through safely expanding Linux disk space by creating new partitions, migrating data, and setting up symlinks. Born from a real emergency when a ROS developer ran out of disk space during project compilation.
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| name | linux-disk-expand-migration |
| description | Guide users through safely expanding Linux disk space by creating new partitions, migrating data, and setting up symlinks. Born from a real emergency when a ROS developer ran out of disk space during project compilation. |
| license | MIT |
| compatibility | opencode |
| metadata | {"category":"system-administration","platform":"linux","risk-level":"high","requires-sudo":true,"author-collaboration":"Created with assistance from Kimi K2.5"} |
📝 真实场景: 一位 ROS 开发者在编译项目时遭遇磁盘空间告急（/dev/sda5 使用率 78%，仅剩 6.3GB），而 VMware 扩容后的 36GB 未分配空间位于扩展分区之外，GParted 无法直接合并。在 Kimi K2.5 的协助下，通过创建新分区 + 数据迁移 + 软链接的方案，一步步解决了这个问题。
💡 核心思路: 不追求单分区的"完美"，而是采用"系统盘放软件，数据盘存文件"的实用策略，既解决燃眉之急，又为未来重装系统保留数据便利。
I guide you through safely expanding Linux disk space when your root partition is full but you have unallocated space that cannot be directly merged due to partition layout constraints.
Use this skill when:
⚠️ CRITICAL | 重要提醒: Backup important data before proceeding! 操作前务必备份重要数据！
sudo apt install gparted)知己知彼，百战不殆。先摸清磁盘底细：
Check current disk layout | 查看当前分区布局
lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINT,TYPE
df -h
Identify data to migrate | 识别可迁移的数据
# 看看哪些目录占空间 | Check which directories use space
for dir in Documents Downloads Pictures Videos Music Projects Desktop; do
if [ -d "$HOME/$dir" ]; then
du -sh "$HOME/$dir" 2>/dev/null
fi
done
可视化操作，谨慎为上：
sudo gparted💡 小贴士: GParted 操作是队列式的，最后一定要点 "Apply" 才生效。等待过程不要强制关机！
命令行时间，硬核操作：
Verify new partition | 确认新分区存在
lsblk
# Should show new partition, e.g., /dev/sda3
Format if not already done by GParted
sudo mkfs.ext4 -L data /dev/sdX3 # Replace X with your disk letter
Create mount point and test mount | 创建挂载点并测试
sudo mkdir -p /data
sudo mount /dev/sdX3 /data
df -h | grep data
fstab 是 Linux 的"开机启动配置"，别搞错了：
Get UUID for fstab | 获取 UUID（比设备名更可靠）
sudo blkid /dev/sdX3
# 复制 UUID，等会要用 | Copy the UUID for next step
Backup fstab | 备份是好习惯
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.backup.$(date +%Y%m%d)
Add mount entry | 添加挂载配置
echo 'UUID=YOUR-UUID-HERE /data ext4 defaults,noatime 0 2' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
Test fstab configuration | 验证配置正确性
sudo mount -a
df -h | grep data
⚠️ 重要: 如果
mount -a报错，不要重启！先修正 fstab，否则可能进不了系统。
这是最关键的一步，慢工出细活：
Create directory structure on data partition
sudo mkdir -p /data/{Documents,Pictures,Projects,Desktop,Downloads,Videos,Music}
sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /data
Migrate data with rsync | 用 rsync 迁移（带备份保留）
💡 策略: 先复制，再重命名原目录为 .backup，最后创建软链接。这样出问题还能回滚。
# 示例：迁移 Documents | Example: Migrate Documents
rsync -avP ~/Documents/ /data/Documents/
mv ~/Documents ~/Documents.backup
# 对其他目录重复上述操作...
# Repeat for Pictures, Projects, Desktop, etc.
Create symbolic links | 创建软链接（透明跳转）
ln -s /data/Documents ~/Documents
ln -s /data/Pictures ~/Pictures
ln -s /data/Projects ~/Projects
ln -s /data/Desktop ~/Desktop
ln -s /data/Downloads ~/Downloads
ln -s /data/Videos ~/Videos
ln -s /data/Music ~/Music
🔗 软链接原理: 就像 Windows 的快捷方式，但 Linux 应用程序几乎感知不到区别。访问 ~/Documents 自动跳转到 /data/Documents。
小心驶得万年船，多测试总没错：
Verify symlinks work | 检查软链接
ls -la ~ | grep -E "Documents|Pictures|Projects|Desktop|Downloads|Videos|Music"
# Should show all as symlinks (lrwxrwxrwx) pointing to /data/*
# 应该都显示为软链接 -> /data/*
Test write access | 测试写入权限
echo "test" > ~/Downloads/test.txt
cat /data/Downloads/test.txt # 直接读底层文件
rm ~/Downloads/test.txt
Check disk usage | 检查磁盘使用率
df -h
# 应该看到 / 和 /data 两个文件系统
观察几天没问题后再清理，给自己留条后路：
# 确认一切正常后，删除备份 | Remove backups after confirming everything works
rm -rf ~/Documents.backup ~/Pictures.backup ~/Projects.backup ~/Desktop.backup
Generally Safe | 通常透明支持:
May Need Reconfiguration | 可能需要重新配置:
If using ROS (Robot Operating System):
🐢 ROS 开发者的忠告: catkin_make 和 colcon build 会产生大量临时文件，保持它们在 SSD/系统盘上编译速度更快。
Solution: Ensure no terminal is in /data directory, then:
sudo lsof /data
sudo umount -l /data # lazy unmount 懒卸载
Solution: Check UUID is correct:
sudo blkid /dev/sdX3
sudo nano /etc/fstab # Correct the UUID 修正 UUID
Solution: 我们遇到的问题！Remove existing directory first:
# 先检查是否为空
ls -la ~/Downloads/
# 删除空目录或备份内容后
rm -rf ~/Downloads # ⚠️ Only if empty or backed up!
ln -s /data/Downloads ~/Downloads
Solution: Fix ownership | 修复权限：
sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /data
Solution: 可能是路径硬编码问题
# 清理构建目录重新编译
cd ~/catkin_ws
rm -rf build devel
catkin_make
开始前 | Before starting:
操作中 | During operation:
mount -a | fstab 验证前不重启完成后 | After completion:
/
├── bin, etc, lib, usr, var ... # System files (root partition 系统盘)
├── home/
│ └── username/
│ ├── .bashrc, .ssh, .config # User configs (small, keep on system)
│ ├── Documents → /data/Documents/ # Symlink 软链接
│ ├── Downloads → /data/Downloads/ # Symlink
│ ├── Pictures → /data/Pictures/ # Symlink
│ └── ...
└── data/ # New partition mount 数据盘挂载点
├── Documents/
├── Downloads/
├── Pictures/
├── Projects/
└── ...
磁盘使用情况 | Disk Usage:
$ df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda5 29G 22G 6.3G 78% / # 系统盘，只装软件
/dev/sda3 36G 67M 34G 1% /data # 数据盘，放个人文件
Set up disk usage monitoring | 设置磁盘监控：
# Add to ~/.bashrc or ~/.profile
alias diskusage='df -h | grep -E "Filesystem|/dev/sda5|/data"'
alias du-data='du -sh /data/* 2>/dev/null | sort -hr'
This skill was created based on a real-world disk expansion scenario encountered by a ROS developer. The step-by-step workflow and safety procedures were developed through collaborative problem-solving between the developer and Kimi K2.5.
Key insights from this collaboration:
Remember: When in doubt, backup first! 有疑问，先备份！