reactions-stoichiometry

Balancing chemical equations, reaction classification, stoichiometric calculations, acid-base chemistry, oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, and thermochemistry. Covers conservation of mass, mole ratios, limiting reagents, percent yield, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base theory, pH calculations, oxidation states, half-reaction balancing, enthalpy, Hess's law, and calorimetry. Use when solving quantitative chemistry problems involving reactions, energy changes, or solution chemistry.

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仓库: Tibsfox/gsd-skill-creator
最近来源活动: 2026年4月14日 07:57
检测到的 SKILL.md 语言: 英语
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goal-ambiguity-gate

Use the moment a request is underspecified and you are about to act on an ASSUMED goal. Enumerate the candidate goals the request could mean, project the action or artifact each one implies, and check whether they diverge: if two or more plausible goals lead to materially different actions or artifacts, ask exactly ONE targeted clarifying question; otherwise proceed on the most-likely goal and state the assumption in one line. Clarification is an evidence-producing action, not a delay — but one question, never an interrogation. Distinct from gsd-spec-phase (GSD-phase-bound, emits a heavy SPEC.md) and intent-router (fetch strategy, not goal disambiguation). Backed by agent goal-state inference (arxiv 2606.16813v1). Triggers on acting under an assumed goal when the request admits more than one materially different reading.

2026-07-19

memory-hubness-gate

Use at write time to vector/embedding memory — Grove content-addressed insertion, chroma/pgvector upserts, memory-consolidation promoting session traces to MEMORY.md, or embedding externally-ingested content. Scores each candidate record against a fixed panel of sentinel queries and quarantines any record that would become the nearest neighbor of too many unrelated queries — a hub — whether from adversarial poisoning or accidental over-generality. This is the memory-record-side sibling of skill-injection-guardian (file-side) and the write-side complement of memory-use-warrant (read-side). Quarantine, never silently drop; a human reviews. Backed by the admission-time hubness gate (arxiv 2606.19692v1). Triggers on inserting into vector memory, consolidating memory, and embedding stranger content.

2026-07-19

memory-use-warrant

Run this appropriateness check the moment you are about to integrate a retrieved long-term memory — a Grove content-addressed hit, a chroma/pgvector neighbour, a memory-consolidation digest, or a MEMORY.md line — into a response, especially anything touching private origins, Fox Companies IP, credentials, or Center Camp / consent-governed content. It answers a question intent-router never asks: not WHAT to fetch or HOW, but WHETHER a correctly-retrieved item should reach output. Relevance is not appropriateness — a perfect similarity match can still be a boundary violation. Default is FAIL-CLOSED: if in-context authorization is uncertain, the memory may inform behaviour but must not be surfaced. Backed by RBI-Eval (arxiv 2606.06055v1). Triggers on surfacing recalled sensitive memory into a response.

2026-07-19

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name	reactions-stoichiometry
description	Balancing chemical equations, reaction classification, stoichiometric calculations, acid-base chemistry, oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, and thermochemistry. Covers conservation of mass, mole ratios, limiting reagents, percent yield, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base theory, pH calculations, oxidation states, half-reaction balancing, enthalpy, Hess's law, and calorimetry. Use when solving quantitative chemistry problems involving reactions, energy changes, or solution chemistry.
type	skill
category	chemistry
status	stable
origin	tibsfox
modified	false
first_seen	"2026-04-12T00:00:00.000Z"
first_path	examples/skills/chemistry/reactions-stoichiometry/SKILL.md
superseded_by	null

Reactions and Stoichiometry

Chemical reactions transform substances by breaking and forming bonds. Stoichiometry is the quantitative bookkeeping — tracking atoms, moles, and energy through these transformations. This skill covers equation balancing, reaction classification, mole-based calculations, acid-base chemistry, redox reactions, and thermochemistry.

Agent affinity: lavoisier (chair, reactions and conservation of mass, primary)

Concept IDs: chem-balancing-equations, chem-reaction-types, chem-acids-bases, chem-oxidation-reduction, chem-thermochemistry

Conservation of Mass and Balancing Equations

Lavoisier's Law. In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. Every atom present in the reactants must appear in the products.

Balancing procedure:

Write the unbalanced equation with correct formulas.
Balance one element at a time, starting with the most complex molecule.
Balance hydrogen and oxygen last (they appear in many compounds).
Use the smallest whole-number coefficients.
Verify: count every element on both sides.

Worked Example: Combustion of Propane

Unbalanced: C3H8 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

Step 1. Balance C: 3 carbons on left, so 3 CO2 on right. C3H8 + O2 -> 3 CO2 + H2O

Step 2. Balance H: 8 hydrogens on left, so 4 H2O on right. C3H8 + O2 -> 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

Step 3. Balance O: Right side has 3(2) + 4(1) = 10 oxygens. Left needs 10/2 = 5 O2. C3H8 + 5 O2 -> 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

Verify: C: 3 = 3. H: 8 = 8. O: 10 = 10. Balanced.

Worked Example: Balancing a More Complex Equation

Unbalanced: Fe2O3 + CO -> Fe + CO2

Step 1. Balance Fe: 2 Fe on left, so 2 Fe on right. Fe2O3 + CO -> 2 Fe + CO2

Step 2. Balance O: Left has 3 (from Fe2O3) + 1 (from CO) = 4 if 1 CO. Right has 2 from CO2. Try: 3 CO on left gives 3 + 3 = 6 oxygens total on left... Systematic approach: Fe2O3 + 3 CO -> 2 Fe + 3 CO2.

Verify: Fe: 2 = 2. O: 3 + 3 = 6, 3(2) = 6. C: 3 = 3. Balanced.

The Mole Concept

Avogadro's number: 6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole. One mole of any element has a mass in grams equal to its atomic mass in amu.

Molar mass. Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a formula. H2O: 2(1.008) + 16.00 = 18.02 g/mol.

Three conversions every chemist uses:

Type	Pattern	Example
Synthesis (combination)	A + B -> AB	2 Na + Cl2 -> 2 NaCl
Decomposition	AB -> A + B	2 HgO -> 2 Hg + O2
Single replacement	A + BC -> AC + B	Zn + CuSO4 -> ZnSO4 + Cu
Double replacement (metathesis)	AB + CD -> AD + CB	AgNO3 + NaCl -> AgCl + NaNO3
Combustion	CxHy + O2 -> CO2 + H2O	CH4 + 2 O2 -> CO2 + 2 H2O

Theory	Acid	Base
Arrhenius	Produces H+ in water	Produces OH- in water
Bronsted-Lowry	Proton (H+) donor	Proton (H+) acceptor
Lewis	Electron pair acceptor	Electron pair donor

Mistake	Why it fails	Fix
Unbalanced equations in stoichiometry	Wrong mole ratios give wrong answers	Always verify atom and charge balance before calculating
Ignoring limiting reagent	Assuming all reactants are fully consumed	Calculate moles of product from each reactant; the smaller result identifies the limiter
Forgetting to convert grams to moles	Stoichiometry works in moles, not grams	Always convert mass to moles before using coefficients
pH from weak acid = -log(initial concentration)	Weak acids do not fully dissociate	Use Ka equilibrium expression to find [H+]
Wrong sign on reversed Hess's law step	Reversing a reaction flips the sign of delta-H	Keep careful track of sign changes
Confusing oxidation and reduction	Leads to incorrect electron transfer	OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain

reactions-stoichiometry

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Reactions and Stoichiometry

Conservation of Mass and Balancing Equations

Worked Example: Combustion of Propane

Worked Example: Balancing a More Complex Equation

The Mole Concept

Reactions and Stoichiometry

Conservation of Mass and Balancing Equations

Worked Example: Combustion of Propane

Worked Example: Balancing a More Complex Equation

The Mole Concept

Stoichiometric Calculations

Worked Example: Mass-to-Mass Calculation

Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield

Reaction Types

The Five Classical Types

Precipitation Reactions

Acids and Bases

Three Definitions

Conjugate Pairs

pH Scale

Worked Example: Weak Acid Equilibrium

Titration and Equivalence Point

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)

Oxidation States

Half-Reaction Method (Acidic Solution)

Electrochemistry Connection

Thermochemistry

Enthalpy (delta-H)

Hess's Law

Calorimetry

Standard Enthalpy of Formation (delta-Hf-zero)

Common Mistakes

Cross-References

References

reactions-stoichiometry

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安装方式

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同仓库更多 Skills

Reactions and Stoichiometry

Conservation of Mass and Balancing Equations

Worked Example: Combustion of Propane

Worked Example: Balancing a More Complex Equation

The Mole Concept

同仓库更多 Skills

Reactions and Stoichiometry

Conservation of Mass and Balancing Equations

Worked Example: Combustion of Propane

Worked Example: Balancing a More Complex Equation

The Mole Concept

Stoichiometric Calculations

Worked Example: Mass-to-Mass Calculation

Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield

Reaction Types

The Five Classical Types

Precipitation Reactions

Acids and Bases

Three Definitions

Conjugate Pairs

pH Scale

Worked Example: Weak Acid Equilibrium

Titration and Equivalence Point

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)

Oxidation States

Half-Reaction Method (Acidic Solution)

Electrochemistry Connection

Thermochemistry

Enthalpy (delta-H)

Hess's Law

Calorimetry

Standard Enthalpy of Formation (delta-Hf-zero)

Common Mistakes

Cross-References

References