| name | feedback-frameworks |
| description | Use when designing feedback rituals or training managers on giving and receiving feedback โ covers SBI, Radical Candor, conditions for effective feedback. |
Feedback Frameworks
When Feedback Helps and When It Hurts
Kluger & DeNisi's 1996 meta-analysis is foundational: feedback improves performance about โ
of the time and hurts performance about โ
of the time. The conditions for effective feedback:
- Specific behavior, not general character
- Sincere, from someone who cares about the outcome
- Timely, close to the event
- Low-stakes, separated from rating and pay
- Skilled delivery
When these are missing, feedback can backfire. The fix is not "more feedback" โ it's better conditions.
SBI (Situation-Behavior-Impact)
The most usable framework for everyday feedback:
- Situation: where, when, what context
- Behavior: what specifically did they do
- Impact: what was the effect
Example:
"In yesterday's design review (S), when you cut Maya off three times in a row (B), I noticed she stopped contributing for the rest of the meeting (I). Was that the outcome you wanted?"
The closing question is optional but powerful โ it invites reflection rather than defensiveness.
Radical Candor (Kim Scott)
Two axes:
- Care personally: do they know I have their back?
- Challenge directly: am I willing to say what I see?
The four quadrants:
- Radical Candor: high care + high challenge
- Ruinous Empathy: high care + low challenge (most common; nice but unhelpful)
- Manipulative Insincerity: low care + low challenge (passive-aggressive, gossip)
- Obnoxious Aggression: low care + high challenge (effective short-term, corrosive long-term)
Most managers err toward ruinous empathy. Train for both axes.
Specific Praise
Praise is feedback too. Same rules:
Bad: "Great job on the launch!"
Good: "The way you sequenced the launch โ handling the partner objections first, then the comms team โ meant we hit the date without surprises. That sequencing was the move."
The second is replicable, repeatable, motivating. The first is forgettable.
Receiving Feedback
A separate skill (Stone & Heen, Thanks for the Feedback).
Three triggers that derail receiving:
- Truth triggers: "this is wrong" โ focus on what's right rather than processing
- Relationship triggers: "consider the source" โ dismissing based on who's giving
- Identity triggers: "this means I'm bad" โ defending self rather than considering
Counter:
- Distinguish appreciation, coaching, evaluation feedback
- Notice the trigger; pause before responding
- Ask for one specific example
- "Thank you" is the only required response in the moment; processing happens after
Train managers on receiving as well as giving.
Cadence
- Real-time: SBI in the moment when behavior is fresh โ primary
- Weekly 1:1s: standing time for feedback exchange โ both directions
- Quarterly: development conversation; broader patterns
- Cycle / formal: confirmation of patterns; no surprises
The annual review should contain zero new information. If it does, the manager has failed in the year-round.
Upward Feedback
The kind managers receive least. Engineer for it:
- Direct invitation in 1:1s ("what should I start, stop, continue?")
- Anonymous channels (skip-level, surveys)
- Manager scorecards on cadence
- Cultural permission to push back (modeled by senior leaders)
Without upward feedback, managers operate on filtered information.
Peer Feedback
For development: useful, asynchronous prompts (3โ5 questions tied to competencies).
For evaluation: cautious. Use as input to manager assessment, not as a vote. Watch for sycophancy and retaliation.
360s
Use with care.
For development: well-suited. Aggregate input from manager, peers, reports, partners. Recipient owns the action plan.
For evaluation: high risk. Easily a popularity contest. If used:
- Anchored to specific competencies
- n โฅ 5โ8 raters
- One input, not the rating
- Not used alone for pay or termination decisions
Common Failures
- Vague praise / vague criticism โ both information-free
- Sandwich feedback (positive-negative-positive) โ recipients learn to brace for the middle
- Hoarding feedback for the annual
- Manager-only-down feedback (no upward)
- 360s used punitively
- Feedback culture as code for harshness or for niceness โ both miss the point
Manager Training Module
Suggested content:
- Why feedback fails (Kluger & DeNisi)
- SBI in practice (recorded examples)
- Radical Candor framework
- Specific praise practice
- Receiving feedback
- Role-plays with peers
- Calibration on what "specific" looks like
Allow 3 hours minimum; role-play heavy.
Cross-References
feedback-systems-designer agent
manager-enablement-coach agent
one-on-ones skill
difficult-conversations skill
Key References
- Scott, K. (2017). Radical Candor.
- Stone, D., & Heen, S. (2014). Thanks for the Feedback.
- Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996). The effects of feedback interventions on performance.
- Buckingham, M., & Goodall, A. (2019). "The Feedback Fallacy." HBR.