| name | Citation Styles |
| description | Concrete citation format templates for 6 major academic styles: APA 7th, IEEE, Harvard, MLA 9th, Chicago 17th, and GB/T 7714-2015. Provides copy-paste-ready patterns with field placeholders for journal articles, books, conference papers, and more. |
Citation Styles Reference
When to Read This Skill
Read this skill when the user asks to:
- Format citations in a specific style (APA, IEEE, Harvard, MLA, Chicago, GB/T)
- Generate a reference list or bibliography
- Convert citations between styles
- Check citation format correctness
- Format Chinese-language (中文) references
Default: If the user says "just pick one," use APA 7th (most widely accepted).
1. APA 7th Edition (American Psychological Association)
In-text Citation
| Pattern | Example |
|---|
| Parenthetical | (Smith, 2024) |
| Narrative | Smith (2024) |
| Two authors | (Smith & Jones, 2024) / Smith and Jones (2024) |
| 3+ authors | (Smith et al., 2024) / Smith et al. (2024) |
| Multiple works | (Chen, 2023; Smith, 2024) |
| Direct quote | (Smith, 2024, p. 15) |
| Organization | (World Health Organization [WHO], 2024) — first use; (WHO, 2024) — subsequent |
Reference List Templates
Journal Article
{LastName}, {Initials}., {LastName2}, {Initials2}., & {LastNameN}, {InitialsN}. ({Year}). {Article title: Only first word and proper nouns capitalized}. {Journal Name in Italic}, {Volume}({Issue}), {StartPage}-{EndPage}. https://doi.org/{DOI}
Zhang, L., Wang, R., & Chen, H. (2024). Deep learning approaches for protein structure prediction. Nature Methods, 21(3), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5
Book
{LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Book title: Sentence case in italic} ({Edition} ed.). {Publisher}. https://doi.org/{DOI}
Creswell, J. W. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Book Chapter
{ChapterAuthor}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Chapter title}. In {EditorInitials} {EditorLastName} (Ed.), {Book title in italic} (pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}). {Publisher}. https://doi.org/{DOI}
Liu, M. (2024). Neural network architectures. In R. Chen & S. Wang (Eds.), Advances in artificial intelligence (pp. 45-78). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12345-6_3
Conference Paper
{LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Paper title}. In {Proceedings title in italic} (pp. {Pages}). {Publisher}. https://doi.org/{DOI}
Kim, J., & Park, S. (2024). Transformer models for scientific text mining. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL (pp. 1234-1245). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.123
Preprint
{LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Title}. {Archive Name}. https://doi.org/{DOI}
Li, X., & Zhou, Y. (2024). Self-supervised learning for molecular property prediction. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2024.01234
Website
{Author or Organization}. ({Year, Month Day}). {Page title in italic}. {Site Name}. {URL}
National Institutes of Health. (2024, March 15). Climate change and human health research. https://www.nih.gov/climate-health
Dataset
{LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Dataset title} (Version {X}) [Data set]. {Repository}. https://doi.org/{DOI}
Johnson, A. E. W. (2023). MIMIC-IV clinical database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. PhysioNet. https://doi.org/10.13026/6mm1-ek67
Key Rules
- Hanging indent (0.5 in / 1.27 cm) for each entry
- DOI formatted as a URL:
https://doi.org/xxxxx
- List up to 20 authors; for 21+, list first 19, then
... then last author
- Use
& before the last author (not "and")
- Sentence case for article/chapter/book titles; title case for journal names
- Alphabetical order by first author's last name
- Same-author-same-year: append a, b, c (Smith, 2024a; Smith, 2024b)
2. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
In-text Citation
| Pattern | Example |
|---|
| Single | [1] |
| Multiple | [1], [3] |
| Range | [1]-[5] |
| With context | As shown in [1], the method... |
References are numbered in order of first appearance in the text.
Reference List Templates
Journal Article
[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Article title}," {Journal Name in Italic}, vol. {Vol}, no. {Issue}, pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}, {Month} {Year}, doi: {DOI}.
[1] L. Zhang and R. Wang, "Deep learning for protein folding," Nature Methods, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 245-260, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.
Conference Paper
[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Paper title}," in {Proc. Conference Name in Italic}, {City}, {State/Country}, {Year}, pp. {Pages}, doi: {DOI}.
[2] J. Kim and S. Park, "Transformer models for NLP," in Proc. 62nd Annu. Meeting ACL, Bangkok, Thailand, 2024, pp. 1234-1245, doi: 10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.123.
Book
[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, {Book Title in Italic}, {Edition} ed. {City}, {State/Country}: {Publisher}, {Year}.
[3] J. W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 6th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE, 2023.
Online Source
[{N}] {Author/Organization}, "{Page title}," {Website Name}, {Date}. [Online]. Available: {URL}. [Accessed: {Date}].
[4] National Institutes of Health, "Climate change and health," NIH Research, Mar. 15, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.nih.gov/climate-health. [Accessed: Mar. 20, 2024].
Technical Report
[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Report title}," {Institution}, {City}, {State/Country}, Rep. {Number}, {Year}.
[5] A. B. Smith, "Performance analysis of 5G networks," MIT Lincoln Lab., Lexington, MA, USA, Rep. TR-2024-01, 2024.
Patent
[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Patent title}," {Country} Patent {Number}, {Month} {Day}, {Year}.
[6] J. Chen, "Method for neural signal processing," U.S. Patent 11 234 567, Jan. 15, 2024.
Key Rules
- Abbreviated first names: J. Smith (not John Smith)
- Article/chapter titles in "double quotes"
- Book and journal titles in italic
- Abbreviate journal names per IEEE standard (e.g., IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.)
- Abbreviate months: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, Jun., Jul., Aug., Sep., Oct., Nov., Dec.
- All authors listed (no "et al." in reference list; use "et al." only for 7+ authors)
- Numbered sequentially — order of first citation, not alphabetical
3. Harvard (Author-Date)
In-text Citation
| Pattern | Example |
|---|
| Parenthetical | (Smith 2024) |
| Narrative | Smith (2024) |
| Two authors | (Smith and Jones 2024) |
| 3+ authors | (Smith et al. 2024) |
| Multiple works | (Chen 2023; Smith 2024) |
| Direct quote | (Smith 2024, p. 15) |
| No date | (Smith n.d.) |
Note: No comma between author and year (unlike APA).
Reference List Templates
Journal Article
{LastName}, {Initials}., {LastName2}, {Initials2}. and {LastNameN}, {InitialsN}. {Year}. {Article title}. {Journal Name in Italic}, {Volume}({Issue}), pp.{StartPage}-{EndPage}. doi:{DOI}.
Zhang, L., Wang, R. and Chen, H. 2024. Deep learning approaches for protein structure prediction. Nature Methods, 21(3), pp.245-260. doi:10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.
Book
{LastName}, {Initials}. {Year}. {Book Title in Italic}. {Edition} ed. {Place}: {Publisher}.
Creswell, J.W. 2023. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Book Chapter
{LastName}, {Initials}. {Year}. {Chapter title}. In: {EditorLastName}, {Initials}. ed(s). {Book Title in Italic}. {Place}: {Publisher}, pp.{StartPage}-{EndPage}.
Liu, M. 2024. Neural network architectures. In: Chen, R. and Wang, S. eds. Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Berlin: Springer, pp.45-78.
Conference Paper
{LastName}, {Initials}. {Year}. {Paper title}. In: {Conference Name in Italic}. {Place}, {Date}. {Publisher}, pp.{Pages}.
Kim, J. and Park, S. 2024. Transformer models for scientific text mining. In: 62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL. Bangkok, 12-17 Aug. 2024. ACL, pp.1234-1245.
Web Page
{Author/Organization}. {Year}. {Title in Italic}. [online] Available at: {URL} [Accessed {Day} {Month} {Year}].
National Institutes of Health. 2024. Climate Change and Human Health Research. [online] Available at: https://www.nih.gov/climate-health [Accessed 20 Mar. 2024].
Key Rules
- Alphabetical order by first author's last name
- No numbering — entries not numbered
- Year immediately after author name (not in parentheses in reference list)
- "and" between authors (not "&")
- Include [Accessed date] for all online sources
- Title case for book titles; sentence case varies by institution — follow target journal's guide
- Harvard has no single governing body — minor variations exist across institutions
4. MLA 9th Edition (Modern Language Association)
In-text Citation
| Pattern | Example |
|---|
| Parenthetical | (Smith 15) |
| Narrative | Smith argues that "..." (15) |
| Two authors | (Smith and Jones 15) |
| 3+ authors | (Smith et al. 15) |
| No page number | (Smith) |
| Multiple works | (Smith 12; Jones 34) |
| No author | ("Article Title" 15) |
Note: No comma between author and page number. No "p." before page number.
Works Cited Templates
MLA uses a containers model: each source sits inside one or more containers (journal, website, database).
Core template:
{Author}. "{Source Title}." {Container Title in Italic}, {Other Contributors}, {Version}, {Number}, {Publisher}, {Date}, {Location (pages/URL/DOI)}.
Journal Article
{LastName}, {FirstName}, {FirstName2} {LastName2}, and {FirstNameN} {LastNameN}. "{Article Title}." {Journal Name in Italic}, vol. {Vol}, no. {Issue}, {Year}, pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}. {Database in Italic}, {DOI or URL}.
Zhang, Li, Rui Wang, and Hua Chen. "Deep Learning Approaches for Protein Structure Prediction." Nature Methods, vol. 21, no. 3, 2024, pp. 245-60. Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.
Book
{LastName}, {FirstName}. {Book Title in Italic}. {Edition}, {Publisher}, {Year}.
Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 6th ed., SAGE Publications, 2023.
Book Chapter
{LastName}, {FirstName}. "{Chapter Title}." {Book Title in Italic}, edited by {Editor FirstName} {Editor LastName}, {Publisher}, {Year}, pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}.
Liu, Min. "Neural Network Architectures." Advances in Artificial Intelligence, edited by Rui Chen and Shuai Wang, Springer, 2024, pp. 45-78.
Website
{Author}. "{Page Title}." {Site Name in Italic}, {Publisher (if different from site name)}, {Day} {Month} {Year}, {URL}.
"Climate Change and Human Health Research." National Institutes of Health, 15 Mar. 2024, www.nih.gov/climate-health.
Film / Video
{Title in Italic}. Directed by {Director Name}, {Production Company}, {Year}.
Oppenheimer. Directed by Christopher Nolan, Universal Pictures, 2023.
Key Rules
- Title case for all titles
- Article/chapter/webpage titles in "double quotes"
- Book/journal/website names in italic
- Full first names (not initials) for authors
- No year in parenthetical in-text citation — use page numbers
- Works Cited list alphabetized by author last name
- Hanging indent, double-spaced
- Abbreviate months (except May, June, July): Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
- Shorten page ranges: 245-60 (not 245-260) for numbers above 100
5. Chicago 17th Edition (Notes-Bibliography)
Chicago has two systems. This section covers Notes-Bibliography (used in humanities). For Author-Date (used in sciences), follow a pattern similar to Harvard/APA.
In-text: Footnotes/Endnotes
First reference gets a full note; subsequent references use a shortened note.
| Type | Format |
|---|
| Full note | {N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, {rest of citation}. |
| Short note | {N}. {LastName}, {Short Title}, {Page}. |
| Ibid. (immediately repeated) | {N}. Ibid., {Page}. |
Note Templates (Full) vs Bibliography Templates
Journal Article
Note (full):
{N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, "{Article Title}," {Journal Name in Italic} {Volume}, no. {Issue} ({Year}): {Pages}, https://doi.org/{DOI}.
- Li Zhang, Rui Wang, and Hua Chen, "Deep Learning Approaches for Protein Structure Prediction," Nature Methods 21, no. 3 (2024): 245-260, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.
Note (short):
2. Zhang, Wang, and Chen, "Deep Learning Approaches," 250.
Bibliography:
{LastName}, {FirstName}, {FirstName2} {LastName2}, and {FirstNameN} {LastNameN}. "{Article Title}." {Journal in Italic} {Volume}, no. {Issue} ({Year}): {Pages}. https://doi.org/{DOI}.
Zhang, Li, Rui Wang, and Hua Chen. "Deep Learning Approaches for Protein Structure Prediction." Nature Methods 21, no. 3 (2024): 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.
Book
Note (full):
{N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, {Title in Italic} ({Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}), {Page}.
- John W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 6th ed. (Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2023), 112.
Note (short):
4. Creswell, Research Design, 115.
Bibliography:
{LastName}, {FirstName}. {Title in Italic}. {Edition} ed. {Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}.
Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2023.
Book Chapter
Note (full):
{N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, "{Chapter Title}," in {Book Title in Italic}, ed. {Editor FirstName} {Editor LastName} ({Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}), {Pages}.
- Min Liu, "Neural Network Architectures," in Advances in Artificial Intelligence, ed. Rui Chen and Shuai Wang (Berlin: Springer, 2024), 45-78.
Bibliography:
{LastName}, {FirstName}. "{Chapter Title}." In {Book Title in Italic}, edited by {Editor FirstName} {Editor LastName}, {Pages}. {Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}.
Liu, Min. "Neural Network Architectures." In Advances in Artificial Intelligence, edited by Rui Chen and Shuai Wang, 45-78. Berlin: Springer, 2024.
Website
Note (full):
{N}. {Author/Organization}, "{Page Title}," {Site Name}, {Date}, {URL}.
- National Institutes of Health, "Climate Change and Human Health Research," NIH, March 15, 2024, https://www.nih.gov/climate-health.
Bibliography:
{Author/Organization}. "{Page Title}." {Site Name}. {Date}. {URL}.
National Institutes of Health. "Climate Change and Human Health Research." NIH. March 15, 2024. https://www.nih.gov/climate-health.
Key Rules
- First note = full citation; subsequent = shortened (LastName, Short Title, page)
- "Ibid." only when citing the same source as the immediately preceding note
- Bibliography alphabetized by last name, hanging indent
- Full first names in notes; last-name-first only for first author in bibliography
- "and" between authors (not "&")
- Publication details in parentheses in notes; no parentheses in bibliography
- Page ranges: use full numbers (245-260, not 245-60)
6. GB/T 7714-2015 (中国国家标准)
文内引用
顺序编码制（理工科常用）
| 模式 | 示例 |
|---|
| 单篇 | [1] |
| 多篇连续 | [1-3] |
| 多篇不连续 | [1,3,5] |
| 引用页码 | [1]^{23-25} 或正文标注 |
著者-出版年制（社科常用）
| 模式 | 示例 |
|---|
| 单作者 | (张三, 2024) 或 (Smith, 2024) |
| 双作者 | (张三和李四, 2024) 或 (Smith and Jones, 2024) |
| 三人以上 | (张三等, 2024) 或 (Smith et al., 2024) |
| 多篇 | (张三, 2023; 李四, 2024) |
文献类型标志（必须标注）
| 标志 | 类型 | English |
|---|
| [J] | 期刊论文 | Journal article |
| [M] | 专著/图书 | Monograph/Book |
| [D] | 学位论文 | Dissertation/Thesis |
| [C] | 会议论文 | Conference paper |
| [EB/OL] | 电子文献（网络） | Electronic resource (online) |
| [N] | 报纸文章 | Newspaper article |
| [S] | 标准 | Standard |
| [P] | 专利 | Patent |
| [R] | 报告 | Report |
| [Z] | 其他 | Other |
参考文献模板
期刊论文 [J]
[{序号}] {作者}. {文章题名}[J]. {刊名}, {年}, {卷}({期}): {起始页码}-{终止页码}. DOI:{DOI}.
[1] 张磊, 王锐, 陈华. 基于深度学习的蛋白质结构预测方法研究[J]. 计算机学报, 2024, 47(3): 245-260. DOI:10.11897/SP.J.1016.2024.00245.
英文期刊论文 [J]
[2] ZHANG L, WANG R, CHEN H. Deep learning approaches for protein structure prediction[J]. Nature Methods, 2024, 21(3): 245-260. DOI:10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.
专著/图书 [M]
[{序号}] {作者}. {书名}[M]. {版本 (第1版不标注)}. {出版地}: {出版者}, {出版年}: {引用页码}.
[3] 陈伟. 人工智能导论[M]. 第2版. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2024: 112-135.
[4] CRESWELL J W. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches[M]. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2023.
学位论文 [D]
[{序号}] {作者}. {论文题名}[D]. {保存地}: {保存单位}, {年份}.
[5] 李晓明. 基于图神经网络的药物分子设计研究[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2024.
会议论文 [C]
[{序号}] {作者}. {论文题名}[C]// {会议论文集名}. {出版地}: {出版者}, {年}: {页码}.
[6] 王强, 赵丽. 大语言模型在科学发现中的应用[C]// 第二十三届中国计算语言学大会论文集. 哈尔滨: 中国中文信息学会, 2024: 45-52.
英文会议论文 [C]
[7] KIM J, PARK S. Transformer models for scientific text mining[C]// Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL. Bangkok: ACL, 2024: 1234-1245.
电子文献 [EB/OL]
[{序号}] {作者}. {题名}[EB/OL]. ({发表或更新日期})[{引用日期}]. {URL}. DOI:{DOI}.
[8] 国家自然科学基金委员会. 2024年度项目指南[EB/OL]. (2024-01-15)[2024-03-20]. https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab442/info92345.htm.
报纸文章 [N]
[{序号}] {作者}. {题名}[N]. {报纸名}, {出版日期}({版次}).
[9] 张伟. 人工智能赋能基础科学研究[N]. 科技日报, 2024-03-15(001).
标准 [S]
[{序号}] {标准号} {标准名称}[S]. {出版地}: {出版者}, {年}.
[10] GB/T 7714-2015 信息与文献 参考文献著录规则[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2015.
专利 [P]
[{序号}] {专利申请者或所有者}. {专利题名}: {专利号}[P]. {公告日期或公开日期}.
[11] 华为技术有限公司. 一种神经网络模型压缩方法: CN202410123456.7[P]. 2024-06-15.
关键规则
- 文献类型标志必须标注于题名后的方括号内，如
[J]、[M]
- 作者姓名：中文姓名全写；英文姓在前名缩写（ZHANG L）且全大写
- 3位以上作者：列前3位，后加 "等" (中文) 或 "et al." (英文)
- DOI：有 DOI 的文献必须著录 DOI
- 引用日期：电子文献 [EB/OL] 必须标注引用日期，格式
[YYYY-MM-DD]
- 页码：用起止页码，中间用连字符
- 第1版不标注版次，第2版及以上标注
中英文混排规则
- 英文文献中作者姓名全大写：
SMITH J, JONES R M
- 中文文献中作者姓名正常书写：
张磊, 王锐
- 同一参考文献表中，中英文文献按统一编号排列
- 顺序编码制：按引用顺序排列，不区分中英文
- 著者-出版年制：中英文混排时，通常中文在前英文在后，各自按拼音/字母排序
- 英文文献的题名首词首字母大写，其余小写（非专有名词）
- 中文析出文献用
// 连接主文献（如会议论文集），英文用 In: 或 //
Quick Comparison Table
| Feature | APA 7 | IEEE | Harvard | MLA 9 | Chicago 17 | GB/T 7714 |
|---|
| In-text | (Author, Year) | [1] | (Author Year) | (Author Page) | Footnote | [1] 或 (作者, 年) |
| Order | Alphabetical | Appearance | Alphabetical | Alphabetical | Alphabetical | Appearance 或 alphabetical |
| Author format | LastName, I. | I. LastName | LastName, I. | LastName, First | FirstName Last | 姓名全写/LAST I |
| "And" | & | — | and | and | and | , (逗号) |
| 3+ authors (in-text) | et al. | — | et al. | et al. | — | 等/et al. |
| DOI | https://doi.org/... | doi: ... | doi:... | URL or DOI | https://doi.org/... | DOI:... |
| Typical field | Social sciences | Engineering | UK/AU general | Humanities | History/Arts | 中国 (all fields) |
