| name | hive.linkedin-automation |
| description | Read before automating LinkedIn with browser_* tools. LinkedIn combines shadow DOM (#interop-outlet), strict Trusted Types CSP that silently drops innerHTML, Lexical composer, native beforeunload dialogs that hang the bridge, and aggressive spam filters โ each has bitten us at least once. Verified flows for profile messaging, connection-request acceptance, feed composition, and search. Requires hive.browser-automation. Verified against logged-in production 2026-04-11. |
| metadata | {"author":"hive","type":"default-skill","version":"1.0","verified":"2026-04-11T00:00:00.000Z","requires_skill":"hive.browser-automation"} |
LinkedIn Automation
LinkedIn is the hardest mainstream site to automate because it combines shadow DOM (#interop-outlet for messaging), strict Trusted Types CSP (silently drops innerHTML), heavy React reconciliation (injected nodes get stripped on re-render), native beforeunload draft dialogs (hang the bridge), and aggressive spam filters. Every one of those has bit us at least once. This skill documents what actually works.
Always activate browser-automation first. This skill assumes you already know about CSS-px coordinates, browser_type/browser_type_focused, and browser_shadow_query. The guidance below is LinkedIn-specific; general browser rules are there.
Rule #0: screenshot + coordinates, not selectors
LinkedIn changes class names aggressively and hides composers inside shadow roots AND iframes. Selectors break constantly. Your default strategy on every LinkedIn page should be:
browser_screenshot() โ see the page visually- Pick the target's position from the image
browser_coords(image_x, image_y) โ get CSS pixelsbrowser_click_coordinate(css_x, css_y) โ reaches shadow DOM, iframes, and React elements indifferentlybrowser_type(use_insert_text=True, text=...) โ types into whatever is focused, including Lexical composers
If browser_evaluate(...querySelectorAll...) returns [] even once, do not try a different selector. Stop, screenshot, and click. The "what if I try .artdeco-list__item next" instinct has burned ~50 tool calls in real sessions before the agent pivoted. Don't fall into that loop.
The selectors in the table below are only for when you already know the target is in the light DOM and you want a faster path than screenshot+coord. When in doubt, default to coordinates.
Invitation manager โ inline message button path is BROKEN
If the user asks to message a connection request from the invitation manager page without accepting first, the inline "Message" button opens a composer inside a nested iframe overlay (not a shadow root). The iframe's contentDocument is either cross-origin-blocked or not hydrated at access time. This path is not reliably automatable today.
Redirect: click the person's name/profile link on the card, go to the profile page, and use the standard Profile Message flow below. The profile flow is battle-tested; the inline-iframe flow isn't.
If you end up writing document.activeElement.tagName === 'IFRAME' inside a browser_evaluate, you've hit this trap. Stop and go to the profile page.
Timing expectations
browser_navigate(wait_until="load") โ LinkedIn takes 4โ5 seconds to load the feed cold.- After navigation, always
sleep(3) to let React hydrate the profile/feed chrome before querying selectors. Without the sleep wait_for_selector will flake on elements that exist moments later.
- Composer modal slide-in takes ~2 seconds after you click the Message button.
Verified selectors
| Target | Selector | Notes |
|---|
| Global search input | input[data-testid='typeahead-input'] | Light DOM, straightforward |
| Own profile link | a[href*='linkedin.com/in/'] | Top nav; filter to the one near top-left |
| Profile Message action | a[href*='/messaging/compose/'] filtered by NON_SELF_PROFILE_VIEW AND no body= param AND x < 700 | Is an <a>, not a <button>. Multiple match; filter carefully. |
| Modal composer textarea | div.msg-form__contenteditable (inside #interop-outlet shadow) | Multiple instances exist โ pick largest-area in-viewport one. |
| Modal Send button | button.msg-form__send-button (inside #interop-outlet shadow) | Same multi-instance trap โ filter by y + height <= innerHeight. |
| Invitation manager | navigate to https://www.linkedin.com/mynetwork/invitation-manager/received/ | Direct URL is faster than nav-link clicking |
| Pending connection card | .invitation-card, .invitations-card, [data-test-incoming-invitation-card] | Filter out "invited you to follow" / "subscribe" cards |
| Accept button | button[aria-label*="Accept"] within the card scope | Per-card scoping is critical โ there are many Accept buttons on the page |
LinkedIn changes class names aggressively. If a class-based selector breaks, fall back to browser_screenshot โ visual identification โ browser_click_coordinate with the pixel you read straight off the image (screenshots are CSS-sized, no conversion). The screenshot + coord path works regardless of class-name churn and regardless of shadow DOM.
Profile Message flow (verified end-to-end 2026-04-11)
# 1. Load the profile
browser_navigate("https://www.linkedin.com/in/<username>/", wait_until="load")
sleep(3)
# 2. Strip onbeforeunload before any state-mutating work โ prevents draft-dialog deadlock later
browser_evaluate("""
(function(){
window.onbeforeunload = null;
window.addEventListener('beforeunload', e => e.stopImmediatePropagation(), true);
})();
""")
# 3. Find the profile Message link (NOT a button, and multiple exist)
msg_btn = browser_evaluate("""
(function(){
const links = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('a[href*="/messaging/compose/"]'));
for (const a of links){
const href = a.href || '';
if (!href.includes('NON_SELF_PROFILE_VIEW')) continue;
if (href.includes('body=')) continue; // reject Premium upsell
const r = a.getBoundingClientRect();
if (r.width === 0 || r.x > 700) continue; // reject sidebar / "More profiles for you"
return {cx: r.x + r.width / 2, cy: r.y + r.height / 2};
}
return null;
})();
""")
browser_click_coordinate(msg_btn['cx'], msg_btn['cy'])
sleep(2.5) # composer modal slide-in
# 4. Find the modal composer textarea (pick biggest in-viewport; reject pinned chat bar)
textarea = browser_evaluate("""
(function(){
const vh = window.innerHeight, vw = window.innerWidth;
const candidates = [];
function walk(root){
const els = root.querySelectorAll ?
root.querySelectorAll('div.msg-form__contenteditable') : [];
for (const el of els){
const r = el.getBoundingClientRect();
if (r.width <= 0 || r.height <= 0) continue;
if (r.y < 0 || r.y + r.height > vh) continue; // reject pinned bar (below viewport)
if (r.x < 0 || r.x + r.width > vw) continue;
candidates.push({cx: r.x + r.width/2, cy: r.y + r.height/2, area: r.width * r.height});
}
const all = root.querySelectorAll ? root.querySelectorAll('*') : [];
for (const host of all){ if (host.shadowRoot) walk(host.shadowRoot); }
}
walk(document);
if (!candidates.length) return null;
candidates.sort((a, b) => b.area - a.area);
return candidates[0];
})();
""")
# 5. Click to focus the modal composer (click-first is mandatory for Lexical)
browser_click_coordinate(textarea['cx'], textarea['cy'])
sleep(0.6)
# 6. Insert text via browser_type_focused. This dispatches CDP
# Input.insertText to document.activeElement โ the same underlying
# mechanism as execCommand('insertText') but with no JSON escaping,
# no browser_evaluate round trip, and built-in retry. The click in
# step 5 already focused Lexical, so insertText lands in the editor
# regardless of the shadow wrapping around #interop-outlet.
#
# Use browser_type_focused (not browser_type) here โ browser_type
# requires a selector, which cannot see past the #interop-outlet
# shadow root. browser_type_focused targets document.activeElement
# directly, sidestepping shadow boundaries entirely.
browser_type_focused(text=message_text)
sleep(1.0) # let Lexical commit state + enable Send button
# 7. Find the modal Send button (filter by in-viewport, reject pinned bar)
send = browser_evaluate("""
(function(){
const vh = window.innerHeight;
function walk(root){
const btns = root.querySelectorAll ? root.querySelectorAll('button') : [];
for (const b of btns){
const cls = (b.className || '').toString();
const txt = (b.textContent || '').trim();
if (!cls.includes('send-button') && txt !== 'Send') continue;
const r = b.getBoundingClientRect();
if (r.width <= 0 || r.y + r.height > vh) continue;
return {
cx: r.x + r.width/2, cy: r.y + r.height/2,
disabled: b.disabled || b.getAttribute('aria-disabled') === 'true',
};
}
const all = root.querySelectorAll ? root.querySelectorAll('*') : [];
for (const host of all){
if (host.shadowRoot){
const got = walk(host.shadowRoot);
if (got) return got;
}
}
return null;
}
return walk(document);
})();
""")
# 8. ONLY click Send if it's enabled โ if disabled, the insertText
# didn't land. DO NOT retry with a different tool; the fix is
# always: re-click the composer rect, re-run browser_type_focused(text=...),
# re-check. The Send button's `disabled` state IS the ground truth โ
# if Lexical registered your text, it enables the button. If it's
# still disabled, your text did not reach the editor, regardless
# of what any tool call claims.
if send['disabled']:
# The editor didn't receive your text. Do NOT click Send. Do NOT
# fall back to browser_type with a selector (see anti-pattern in
# Common Pitfalls โ selector-based type can't reach the shadow-DOM
# composer). Instead: re-click the textarea rect from step 4, wait
# a beat, re-run browser_type_focused(text=message_text) from
# step 6. If that still fails after 2 retries, bail and surface โ
# the modal may have been reclaimed by a stale state or auth wall.
raise Exception("Send button disabled after insertText โ editor did not receive input")
browser_click_coordinate(send['cx'], send['cy'])
sleep(2.5) # wait for send + bubble render
Verify post-send: the composer textarea should now be empty (innerText === '') and .msg-s-event-listitem__message-bubble count should have grown by 1. Walk the shadow tree via browser_evaluate to check.
Connection request acceptance flow
Daily outbound pattern โ accept pending connection requests and send a templated welcome message.
browser_navigate("https://www.linkedin.com/mynetwork/invitation-manager/received/",
wait_until="load")
sleep(4)
browser_evaluate("(function(){window.onbeforeunload=null;})()")
# Scan pending connection cards โ FILTER OUT follow/subscribe invitations
cards = browser_evaluate("""
(function(){
const out = [];
const cards = document.querySelectorAll('[data-test-incoming-invitation-card], .invitation-card');
for (const c of cards){
const text = (c.textContent || '').toLowerCase();
if (text.includes('invited you to follow')) continue;
if (text.includes('invited you to subscribe')) continue;
const nameEl = c.querySelector('a[href*="/in/"], strong');
const name = nameEl ? nameEl.textContent.trim().split(/\\s+/)[0] : '';
const accept = c.querySelector('button[aria-label*="Accept"]');
if (!accept) continue;
const r = accept.getBoundingClientRect();
out.push({
first_name: name,
cx: r.x + r.width/2, cy: r.y + r.height/2,
});
if (out.length >= 25) break; // strict daily cap โ see rate limits below
}
return out;
})();
""")
# Process cards one at a time with human-like cadence
for card in cards[:25]:
browser_click_coordinate(card['cx'], card['cy']) # click Accept
sleep(2)
# After accepting, a "Message" button appears on the card โ navigate to
# the profile and run the profile Message flow above, personalized by first_name.
# OR: if the "Message" button is inline on the card, click it directly and
# use the shadow-root composer flow.
sleep(random.uniform(5, 10)) # human-like delay BETWEEN targets
Don't do 25 back-to-back sends with zero delay. LinkedIn's spam filter catches this. 5โ10 second randomized sleeps between sends, hard cap at 25 per 24h window.
Feed post composer flow
browser_navigate("https://www.linkedin.com/feed/", wait_until="load")
sleep(4)
browser_evaluate("(function(){window.onbeforeunload=null;})()")
# Click the "Start a post" trigger
start_trigger = browser_get_rect("button.share-box-feed-entry__trigger, [aria-label*='Start a post']")
browser_click_coordinate(start_trigger.cx, start_trigger.cy)
sleep(1.5) # modal slide-in
# Find the post editor inside the modal (also contenteditable, may not be in shadow)
editor = browser_get_rect("div[contenteditable=true][aria-placeholder*='talk about']")
browser_click_coordinate(editor.cx, editor.cy)
sleep(0.5)
browser_type("div[contenteditable=true][aria-placeholder*='talk about']", post_text)
sleep(1.0)
# Verify Post button enabled before clicking
state = browser_evaluate("""
(function(){
const btn = document.querySelector('button.share-actions__primary-action');
if (!btn) return {found: false};
return {
found: true,
disabled: btn.disabled || btn.getAttribute('aria-disabled') === 'true',
};
})();
""")
if state['found'] and not state['disabled']:
browser_click("button.share-actions__primary-action")
Posting WITH an image attached
Do NOT click the "Add media" / image icon inside the feed post composer to pick a file. LinkedIn renders a styled button that opens Chrome's native OS file picker when clicked, and that dialog is unreachable via CDP โ the automation will hang on an invisible modal. Use browser_upload directly against the hidden <input type='file'>:
media_btn = browser_get_rect("button[aria-label*='image'], button[aria-label*='photo']")
browser_click_coordinate(media_btn.cx, media_btn.cy)
sleep(0.8)
inputs = browser_evaluate("""
(function(){
return Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('input[type="file"]'))
.map((el, i) => ({
idx: i,
accept: el.accept || '',
name: el.name || '',
}));
})();
""")
browser_upload(
selector="input[type='file'][accept*='image']",
file_paths=["/absolute/path/to/logo.png"],
)
sleep(3)
preview_ok = browser_evaluate("""
(function(){
// LinkedIn shows the preview as an <img> inside
// .share-creation-state__image-preview or similar.
return !!document.querySelector(
'.share-creation-state__preview img, .image-preview-container img'
);
})();
""")
if not preview_ok:
raise Exception("LinkedIn image upload did not render โ do NOT click Post")
browser_click("button.share-actions__primary-action")
sleep(4)
If the image isn't already on disk, write it first with write_file(absolute_path, bytes). browser_upload only accepts absolute paths.
Rate limits and safety
LinkedIn's abuse detection is aggressive. Beware of the limits, let user know but dare to break them if user confirms.:
| Action | Limit |
|---|
| Outbound messages to non-connections | Do not attempt โ will get you warned or restricted |
| Outbound messages to new 1st-degree connections | 25/day max, 5โ10s randomized delays |
| Connection request sends | 100/week max, spread across days, warm intros preferred |
| Profile views | Several hundred/day is usually fine but varies by account age |
| Post publications | 1โ5/day, no URL-only posts |
Signals you're being throttled:
- "Message failed to send" with no error detail
- Redirect to
https://www.linkedin.com/checkpoint/challenge/...
- Profile views showing stale data
- Connection requests auto-withdrawn after a few hours
If any of those show up, stop the run, screenshot the state, and surface the issue to the human operator. Do not retry.
Common pitfalls
innerHTML injection is silently dropped โ LinkedIn's Trusted Types CSP discards any innerHTML = "<...>" from injected scripts, no console error. Always use createElement + appendChild + setAttribute for DOM injection. textContent, style.cssText, and .value assignments are fine.- Use
browser_type_focused (not browser_type) on the message composer. The Lexical contenteditable lives inside the #interop-outlet shadow root which document.querySelector (what browser_type's selector path uses under the hood) cannot see. browser_type requires a selector and will fail with "Element not found". The reliable insert path is: (1) browser_click_coordinate on the composer rect โ the response's focused_element confirms Lexical received focus โ (2) browser_type_focused(text=message_text) โ CDP Input.insertText dispatches to document.activeElement regardless of shadow wrapping.
- Per-char keyDown on the message composer produces empty text โ Lexical intercepts
beforeinput and drops raw keys. Use browser_type_focused(text=..., use_insert_text=True) after click-coordinate focused the composer. The CDP Input.insertText method commits as if IME fired, which Lexical accepts cleanly.
- Multiple Send buttons on the page โ the pinned bottom-right messaging bar has its own
msg-form__send-button that's usually below innerHeight. Filter by in-viewport before clicking.
window.onbeforeunload hangs navigation/close โ after typing in a composer, any browser_navigate or close_tab can pop a native "unsent message, leave?" confirm dialog that deadlocks the bridge. Always strip onbeforeunload before any navigation, and wrap composer flows in a try/finally that runs the cleanup block:
# Cleanup on exit โ run even if the flow crashed mid-type.
browser_evaluate("""
(function(){
window.onbeforeunload = null;
const h = document.getElementById('__hive_hl');
if (h) { try { h.__hiveStop && h.__hiveStop(); } catch(_){}; h.remove(); }
})();
""")
- SPA reconciliation strips injected overlays โ LinkedIn's React reconciler removes foreign children of
documentElement on re-render. The framework highlight overlay survives (re-mount observer + bounded retries), but test overlays injected via raw browser_evaluate may not. If you need a stable test overlay, append it to document.documentElement AND wrap in a MutationObserver that re-appends on removal, capped at ~20 retries.
- Profile page chrome is not in the AX snapshot โ
browser_snapshot on a profile misses a lot of the structured layout. Use browser_screenshot to orient; use specific selectors or the shadow-walk pattern for actions.
- Name parsing from a connection card is fragile โ the card layout changes every few months. Prefer
.textContent.split(/\s+/)[0] on the first link inside the card rather than relying on a class like .invitation-card-name.
Auth wall detection
If you see a "Log in" / "Join LinkedIn" prompt instead of the logged-in feed, stop immediately and surface the issue to user. Do NOT attempt to log in via automation โ LinkedIn's bot detection will flag the account.
Check via:
is_logged_in = browser_evaluate("""
(function(){
return !!document.querySelector('nav.global-nav') ||
!!document.querySelector('[data-test-global-nav-me]');
})();
""")
Deduplication pattern
Dedup is handled by the colony progress queue, not a separate JSON file. For any daily loop (connection acceptance, profile visits, DMs), the queen enqueues one row in the tasks table per (profile_url, action) pair; workers claim, act, and mark done. Already-done rows are skipped on the next claim โ that's your crash-resume and cross-day dedup. See hive.colony-progress-tracker for the full claim/update protocol.
If you need to check whether a given (profile_url, action) has already been handled in a prior run before enqueuing a new row, query the queue directly:
sqlite3 "<db_path>" "SELECT status FROM tasks WHERE payload LIKE '%\"profile_url\":\"<url>\"%' AND payload LIKE '%\"action\":\"<action>\"%';"
Empty โ not yet enqueued, safe to add. Otherwise honor the existing row's status.
See also
browser-automation skill โ general CDP/coord/screenshot rules, the click-then-type pattern, shadow-DOM strategyx-automation skill โ X/Twitter equivalent
