reversing-technique

name	reversing-technique
description	Auth/lab: reverse engineering methodology; malware triage, patch diffing, firmware/protocol RE, protections, exploitability handoff evidence.
license	MIT
compatibility	Cross-platform binaries (PE/ELF/Mach-O), firmware images,.NET assemblies, network captures; User-mode focus; kernel RE referenced but not detailed.
metadata	{"author":"AeonDave","version":"1.2","category":"analysis","language":"asm,c,cpp,rust,go,python,csharp","objectives":["malware-analysis - software-protection-analysis","patch-diffing","firmware-reversing","dotnet-reversing","protocol-reversing","vulnerability-hunting","exploitability-triage","secrets-extraction","custom-vm-reversing","anti-analysis-bypass","side-channel-re","language-specific-re"]}

Reverse Engineering Technique

Extract actionable intelligence efficiently by adapting workflow to your objective.

When to activate

• Malware analysis: Understand behavior, C2, persistence, evasion.
• Software protection analysis: Identify license/protection logic, emulate validation checks, reconstruct key material where authorized.
• Patch diffing: Find security fixes, understand vendor patches.
• Firmware reversing: Extract filesystems, analyze embedded code.
• .NET reversing: Deobfuscate, understand managed code logic.
• Protocol reversing: Reconstruct proprietary protocols or file formats.
• Vulnerability hunting: Find bugs in closed-source components.
• Exploitability triage: Qualify a corruption primitive found during RE, then hand off to binary-exploitation-technique for chaining and proof.
• Secrets extraction: Recover keys, tokens, passwords.
• Custom VM / obfuscation: Binary has a bytecode VM, LLVM CFF dispatcher, or VMProtect/Themida packing.
• Anti-analysis bypass: Binary exits under debugger, detects VM, crashes analysis tools, or uses signal-handler tricks.
• Side-channel RE: Validation timing, instruction count, or signal behavior leaks per-character correctness.
• Language-specific RE: Go, Rust, Python bytecode, Unity IL2CPP, Nim, VBS/WSH, Node.js/V8 snapshots requires language-specific tooling (see references/languages.md, references/nim-rev.md, references/node-v8-snapshots.md).
• In-memory loading: Linux binary loads a second-stage ELF via memfd_create + dlopen (fileless; see references/in-memory-loading.md).

Initial triage

Before diving deep, classify the artifact and the operator objective so the workflow starts in the right lane.

• Starting state: is the target malware, protected software, firmware, a managed assembly, a protocol artifact, a crash primitive, or an unknown binary?
• First questions: what do you need to learn first, what architecture/runtime/packing signals are present, and is static or dynamic evidence the fastest way to reduce uncertainty?
• Immediate actions: perform fast format/entropy/import/string triage, assign the objective workflow, and only then choose the decompiler/debugger/tooling mix.
• Tool-family direction: start with CLI/static triage families (radare2, objdump, readelf, strings, capa, binwalk) and escalate to heavy decompilation/debugging (ghidra, binaryninja, gdb, x64dbg, windbg, dnspy, frida) once the goal is defined.
• Escalation rule: objective first, tool second; do not decompile everything before deciding what question you are answering.

Core methodology

1. Triage (5-10 min): Quick assessment before deep dive.
2. Define objective: What do you need to know?
3. Select tools: Based on binary type, objective, environment.
4. Static analysis: Structure understanding without execution.
5. Dynamic analysis: Validate assumptions via runtime behavior.
6. Synthesis: Pseudocode, documentation, or exploit.
7. Verification: Test findings; iterate if needed.

Triage (first 5-10 minutes)

Quick assessment to decide approach:

Check	Tool reference	What to look for
File type	file, detect-it-easy	PE/ELF/Mach-O/.NET, arch, bits
Packers/obfuscation	Detect It Easy, binwalk	UPX, ASPack, ConfuserEx, high entropy
Strings	strings, radare2 (iz)	URLs, IPs, registry keys, crypto constants
Imports/exports	radare2 (ii, ie), ghidra	Suspicious APIs, crypto, network, process
Metadata	pefile, radare2 (iI)	Timestamps, version, compiler, PDB
Hashes	sha256sum, rahash2	Submit to VirusTotal, MalwareBazaar
Capabilities	capa (offensive-tools/forensic/capa/)	TTP fingerprint, malware family, embedded shellcode

Decision tree:

• High entropy + suspicious imports → Malware analysis workflow
• Protection messages (registration, trial, activation) → Software protection workflow
• Two versions of same binary → Patch diffing workflow
• Firmware header (uImage, vmlinux) → Firmware workflow
• .NET assembly → .NET reversing workflow
• Network capture + unknown protocol → Protocol RE workflow
• Large switch(opcode) + byte-buffer IP loop → Custom VM workflow (see references/custom-vm.md)
• fork() + ptrace(TRACEME) or SIGTRAP/SIGFPE signal loop → Nanomites (see references/custom-vm.md §2)
• Binary exits/behaves differently under debugger or in VM → Anti-analysis bypass (see references/anti-analysis.md)
• Validation response varies by character (timing/count) → Side-channel RE (see references/custom-vm.md §4)
• Go buildid / Rust __rust_panic / .pyc file → Language-specific RE (see references/languages.md)
• LLVM control flow flattening (dispatcher switch, state variable) → references/custom-vm.md §6
• VMProtect / Themida packing detected → dump after OEP (see references/anti-analysis.md §unpacking)
• NimMain / HEXnn mangled names / @[ slice constants → Nim RE (see references/nim-rev.md)
• pkg/prelude / NODE_SEA_FUSE / snapshot_blob in strings → Node.js/V8 snapshot (see references/node-v8-snapshots.md)
• memfd_create in strace / /proc/self/fd/ path to dlopen → In-memory loading (see references/in-memory-loading.md)
• ljmp 0x33: / push 0x33; retf in 32-bit ELF → Heaven's Gate Linux (see references/anti-analysis.md §Category 8)

CLI-first tool preference

Prefer CLI/scriptable tooling for triage, batch work, and repeatable evidence. Move to GUI decompilers/debuggers when semantics, types, or interaction speed justify it.

Need	Prefer first	GUI/decompiler escalation
File metadata, imports, sections, strings	rabin2, radare2, objdump, readelf, strings	Ghidra/Binary Ninja project when structure matters
Fast static triage	radare2 (aaa, afl, iz, ii, iS), capa	Ghidra for decompilation and type recovery
Linux dynamic behavior	strace, ltrace, gdb	Ghidra debugger only if needed
Windows crash/debug	windbg/cdb for dump triage	x64dbg for interactive patch/trace
Firmware extraction	binwalk CLI first	Ghidra/radare2 per extracted binary
.NET	de4dot/CLI metadata first	dnspy for decompile/debug/patch

Formal tool skills: offensive-tools/rev/radare2/, offensive-tools/rev/gdb/, offensive-tools/rev/frida/, offensive-tools/rev/binwalk/, offensive-tools/rev/ghidra/, offensive-tools/rev/binaryninja/, offensive-tools/rev/dnspy/, offensive-tools/rev/windbg/, offensive-tools/rev/x64dbg/, plus offensive-tools/forensic/capa/ for capability triage.

Objective-driven workflows

1. Malware analysis

Goal: Understand behavior, extract IOCs, identify C2, assess threat.

Operator flow:

1. Triage: strings, imports, VirusTotal, Any.Run sandbox report.
2. Static: Load in `ghidra` or `radare2` → auto-analysis.
   - Check imports for: VirtualAlloc, CreateRemoteThread, WriteProcessMemory.
   - Cross-reference suspicious strings (URLs, IPs, registry paths).
   - Identify decryption routines (loops with XOR/RC4/AES).
3. Dynamic: Debug in `x64dbg` (Windows) or `gdb`+`pwndbg` (Linux).
   - Set breakpoints on crypto APIs, network APIs.
   - Dump decrypted strings/config from memory.
   - Monitor: Process Monitor, Wireshark, ProcMon.
   - Linux: use `strace -e trace=network,file` to log syscalls without a debugger; `ltrace` for library call interception.
4. Unpack if packed: Use `x64dbg` + Scylla, or `binwalk` for firmware.
5. Report: IOCs, TTPs, C2 config, YARA rules.

Key tricks:

• Decryption routines often precede string usage—trace backwards from strings.
• Config often in resources or appended to binary—check binwalk, radare2 (iS).
• Anti-debug: PEB.BeingDebugged, NtGlobalFlag, RDTSC—use ScyllaHide or patch.
• C2 often encrypted with simple XOR—search for XOR loops with constant key.

Key tools: capa (TTP triage), ghidra/radare2 (static), x64dbg/gdb+pwndbg (dynamic), frida (hooking), binwalk (unpacking), strace/ltrace (Linux syscall/lib tracing), windbg (crash dumps).

→ Full workflow: references/re-workflow.md. Anti-debug bypass: references/anti-analysis.md.

---

2. Software protection bypass and licensing emulation

Goal: Understand license/protection checks, emulate validation, and produce authorized proof of bypass or key-generation logic.

Operator flow:

1. Triage: Identify protection (ASProtect, Themida, custom).
2. Static: Load in `ghidra` → find protection strings, error messages.
   - Search for: "Invalid key", "Trial expired", "Wrong password".
   - Cross-reference strings to validation functions.
3. Dynamic: Debug in `x64dbg` or `radare2` debugger.
   - Set breakpoint on validation function or message box.
   - Trace backwards to find comparison logic.
   - Patch: NOP conditional jump, or change return value.
4. Key reconstruction: Understand algorithm from decompiled code.
   - Reconstruct in Python/C based on pseudocode.
5. Verify: Patched binary accepts valid key.

Key tricks: Cross-ref error strings to validation functions; NOP/invert the final comparison; watch for CRC re-checks after patching.

Key tools: ghidra (decompile validation), x64dbg (patch jumps), frida (hook online activation), dnspy (.NET).

→ Unpacking details: references/anti-analysis.md §unpacking. Binary diffing: references/binary-diffing.md.

---

3. Patch diffing

Goal: Find what changed between two binary versions (security patch, CVE reconstruction).

• Run radiff2 -g main old new or Ghidra Version Tracking to correlate functions.
• Focus on functions with added if / early-return → likely security fix.
• Verify the bug is reachable before claiming exploitability.

→ Full workflow with FLIRT, BinDiff, and symbol recovery: references/binary-diffing.md.

---

4. Firmware reversing

Goal: Extract filesystem, analyze embedded binaries, find backdoors.

Operator flow:

1. Triage: Identify firmware type (router, IoT, BIOS, etc.).
   - Check magic bytes: uImage (0x27051956), vmlinux, squashfs, etc.
2. Extract: preserve/hash first, identify the outer format, then follow `references/firmware-rev.md` for isolated, bounded extraction.
3. Analyze filesystem:
   - `squashfs-root/`: config files, web interfaces, binaries.
   - Search for: hardcoded credentials, backdoor accounts, crypto keys.
4. Reverse embedded binaries:
   - Identify arch: MIPS, ARM, AVR (use `radare2` or `ghidra`).
   - Load in appropriate tool with correct base address.
5. Emulate (optional): QEMU user-mode for MIPS/ARM binaries.

Key tricks:

• Firmware often has: Telnet backdoors, hardcoded SNMP community strings, private keys.
• Web interfaces: check for command injection (ping, traceroute), path traversal.
• Embedded binaries may be stripped → use radare2 zignatures or ghidra function ID.
• Check /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, SSH keys, certificate files.

Tool citations:

• binwalk — signature scan, extraction, entropy analysis.
• ghidra — analyze MIPS/ARM binaries, recover structs.
• radare2 — headless analysis, scripting for batch processing.
• frida — dynamic analysis if firmware runs on emulated device.

Common pitfalls:

• Wrong architecture → decompilation nonsense.
• Wrong base address → function calls go to invalid addresses.
• Ignoring filesystem configs → missing high-value IOCs.

---

5. .NET reversing (managed code)

Goal: Understand C#/VB.NET logic, bypass obfuscation, extract configs.

1. Detect obfuscator: de4dot --detect sample.exe
2. Deobfuscate: de4dot sample.exe -o clean.exe
3. Analyze in dnspy — start at Entry Point (Ctrl+Shift+K); set breakpoints on decryption/config load
4. Watch for multi-stage loaders: Assembly.Load() + GetManifestResourceStream call sites
5. Network isolation is mandatory before dynamic debugging stealers/RATs

Key tools: dnspy (decompiler/debugger/patcher), de4dot (deobfuscation), ghidra (fallback).

→ Full deobfuscation table, ConfuserEx/Reactor flags, config extraction: references/dotnet-rev.md.

---

6. Protocol reversing

Goal: Reconstruct proprietary protocol, understand message format.

Operator flow:

1. Capture traffic: Wireshark, tcpdump, or `frida` SSL pinning bypass.
2. Triage: Identify protocol type (text, binary, encrypted).
   - Look for magic bytes, length fields, checksums.
3. Static: Analyze client/server binaries in `ghidra`.
   - Find send/recv functions → cross-reference to protocol handlers.
   - Reconstruct structs from serialization code.
4. Dynamic: Hook send/recv with `frida` → log raw packets.
   - Correlate with network capture.
5. Document: Message format, state machine, encryption (if any).

Key tricks:

• Text protocols: look for delimiters (\n, |, ;) and command keywords.
• Binary protocols: look for length fields, magic bytes, checksums (CRC32, Adler32).
• Encryption: check for TLS, or custom crypto (XOR, AES) in binary.
• Use frida to intercept before encryption/after decryption.

Tool citations:

• ghidra — analyze protocol handlers, recover structs.
• frida — hook send/recv, bypass SSL pinning.
• wireshark — (external) packet analysis.
• radare2 — headless protocol analysis scripting.

Common pitfalls:

• Assuming protocol is text → it's binary with magic bytes.
• Ignoring encryption → can't read payload without key.
• Not correlating static + dynamic → missing protocol state machine.

→ gRPC/protobuf/websocket/app-framing specifics and decoder bootstrap: references/protocol-rev.md.

---

7. Vulnerability hunting

Goal: Find bugs (buffer overflow, use-after-free, etc.) in closed-source.

Operator flow:

1. Recon: Identify attack surface, input channels, and hardening context.
   - Parsers, network listeners, IPC, config importers, update handlers.
2. Static: Load in `ghidra` or `binaryninja`.
   - Trace attacker-controlled data into size, offset, pointer, and format operations.
3. Classify the candidate primitive.
   - Overflow, UAF/double-free, integer mis-sizing, format string, command construction.
4. Dynamic validation: Debug in `gdb`+`pwndbg` or `x64dbg`.
   - Confirm branch reachability, memory/register side effects, and repeatability.
5. Symbolic execution: use `angr` for path exploration when manual analysis of branching logic is too slow — especially useful for complex key validation or constrained input recovery.
6. Fuzzing or targeted harness: Use AFL++, LibFuzzer (see `offensive-tools/fuzzing/`) if format knowledge will improve coverage.
7. Exploitability model: rank by control quality, mitigations, and environmental preconditions before claiming impact.

Key tricks:

• Focus on input parsers: file format readers, network packet handlers.
• Look for: integer overflows (size calculations), off-by-one errors.
• Use checksec (in gdb+pwndbg) to see mitigations (NX, PIE, CANARY).
• Patch diffing helps: find recent CVE fixes → analyze vulnerability.
• Keep one controlled input per hypothesis so crash cause and side effects stay attributable.
• Write proof requirements early: what would count as a validated primitive vs a suspicious crash?

Tool citations:

• ghidra, binaryninja — static analysis, decompilation.
• gdb+pwndbg/gef — crash analysis, exploit debugging.
• frida — runtime analysis, hooking.
• angr — symbolic execution, path exploration, automated constraint solving for input recovery.
• AFL++, LibFuzzer — fuzzing (see offensive-tools/fuzzing/).

Common pitfalls:

• Fuzzing without understanding input format → low coverage.
• Ignoring mitigations → exploit harder than expected.
• Not verifying exploitability → crash ≠ vulnerability.
• Claiming impact without proving reachability from a realistic input path.
• Missing config-dependent branches → the vulnerable path may be disabled in the default run.

---

7b. Exploitability triage and handoff

Goal: From a validated corruption primitive, qualify exploitability and hand a clean primitive to offensive-techniques/binary-exploitation-technique; do not build the chain here.

Qualify before handoff:

• Prove what is controlled (PC, stack pivot, arbitrary read/write, object/type confusion) and the bug family (overflow/UAF/type confusion/index/format string).
• Confirm deterministic, attacker-influenced reproduction under a fixed input path — a crash is not yet a primitive.
• Model the primitive's repeatability: read every branch of any state guard (is_set, initialized, done, idx == fav). The else/already-set branch frequently still performs the gated read/write/free, so an apparently one-shot primitive is a repeatable arbitrary read/write loop. Confirm which branch runs on the second invocation before declaring a path dead.
• Inventory mitigations (checksec, module headers): NX/DEP, ASLR/PIE, canary, RELRO, CFG/CET, allocator hardening — carry this into the handoff.

Tools: gdb+pwndbg/gef, x64dbg, windbg for control validation; angr for trigger-gating constraints; radare2/ghidra/binaryninja for gadget/function reachability.

→ Chain strategy, mitigation-aware planning, and reproducible proof: offensive-techniques/binary-exploitation-technique. Concrete recipes (ROP/heap/FSOP/format-string/one_gadget): offensive-ctf/pwn-ctf/references.

---

8. Secrets extraction

Goal: Recover hardcoded keys, passwords, tokens, C2 addresses.

Operator flow:

1. Triage: Strings (`strings`, `radare2` `iz`), look for:
   - Crypto constants (AES S-box, RSA magic, base64 patterns).
   - URLs, IPs, email addresses.
   - High-entropy regions (likely encrypted/compressed).
2. Static: Find decryption routines in `ghidra`.
   - Look for: XOR loops, AES key schedules, RC4 init.
   - Cross-reference encrypted strings to decryption function.
3. Dynamic: Breakpoint on crypto APIs (`CryptEncrypt`, `BCryptEncrypt`).
   - Dump memory after decryption (`x64dbg` memory dump).
4. Decode: Base64, hex, or emulate decryption in Python.

Key tricks:

• Secrets often: XORed with single byte, or AES with embedded key.
• C2 config: may be JSON/XML in resources, or encrypted blob.
• API keys/tokens: search for common patterns (Bearer, api_key, secret).
• Use radare2 to search for crypto constants: /R opcode for ROP, but for crypto search bytes.

Tool citations:

• ghidra — identify crypto algorithms, recover keys.
• radare2 — search patterns, script analysis.
• x64dbg — runtime memory dump after decryption.
• frida — hook crypto APIs, log plaintext.

Common pitfalls:

• Assuming strings are plaintext → they're decrypted at runtime.
• Not checking resources → secrets hidden in embedded data.
• Ignoring TLS traffic → C2 communication encrypted.

---

9. JavaScript / browser extension reversing

Goal: Understand web application logic, browser extensions, or obfuscated JS payloads.

Operator flow:

1. Triage: Is it a browser extension (zip/crx), single-page app bundle, or obfuscated script?
2. Extract:
   - Browser extension: rename .crx → .zip → extract.
   - SPA bundle: download the main JS bundle via DevTools → Sources.
3. Deobfuscate:
   - Run through JS beautifier (js-beautify, Prettier).
   - For eval-obfuscated/string-array obfuscation: use de-obfuscation pass (obfuscator.io reverse, webcrack, deobfuscate.io).
   - For packed bundles (webpack/rollup): look for chunk map → identify module boundaries.
4. Static analysis: Browser DevTools or VS Code → search for:
   - Sensitive strings: API keys, endpoints, tokens.
   - Crypto calls: subtle.crypto, CryptoJS, forge.
   - Eval / dynamic code execution.
5. Dynamic: DevTools debugger → breakpoint on XHR/fetch, DOM mutation, or suspicious function.
   - Intercept requests via proxy (mitmproxy).
   - Patch eval'd payloads with live overrides (DevTools override feature).
6. Manifest audit (extensions): check `permissions`, `content_scripts`, `background`, `externally_connectable`.

Key tricks:

• Webpack bundles expose __webpack_require__ — iterate module map to enumerate all modules.
• Chrome extension background workers: debug via chrome://extensions → inspect background page.
• Eval-hidden payloads: override eval at load time to log all executed strings.
• API key extraction: search for Authorization, api_key, Bearer, X-Api-Key.

Tool citations:

• Browser DevTools — primary debugger and network inspector.
• frida — inject into Electron/Node.js apps using the browser engine.
• mitmproxy (offensive-tools/network/mitmproxy/) — intercept and replay browser-initiated requests.
• radare2 / ghidra — if JS engine (V8) is compiled into a native binary.

→ MV2/MV3 entry points, permission-risk triage, messaging edges, and nativeMessaging / externally_connectable audit: references/browser-extension-rev.md.

---

Anti-reverse engineering bypass

Common techniques and countermeasures

Technique	What it does	Bypass method	Tool reference
PEB.BeingDebugged	Checks PEB flag	Patch byte at PEB+0x02 to 0	x64dbg, ScyllaHide
NtGlobalFlag	Sets heap flags for debugging	Clear flag at PEB+0x68 (32-bit)	x64dbg, ScyllaHide
RDTSC timing	Measures CPU cycles for debugger	Patch or emulate	frida hook
FindWindow/Process	Detects debugger windows	Hook with frida or NOP	x64dbg
CRC/integrity	Checks code section hashes	Patch check or suspend thread	x64dbg breakpoint
VM detection	Detects VirtualBox/VMware	Use real hardware or hide with VM detection bypass	ScyllaHide
Anti-dump	Prevents memory dumping	Use Scylla for IAT fix	x64dbg + Scylla
Obfuscation (.NET)	Renames, control flow, constants	Use de4dot, dnSpy decompile	dnspy

Unpacking workflow

1. Detect packer: DIE, PEiD, or manual (section names, entry point).
2. Static: Find OEP (Original Entry Point) via:
   - Pushad/popad patterns (UPX).
   - Call to GetProcAddress/LoadLibrary (custom).
3. Dynamic: Set breakpoint on VirtualAlloc (for RWX memory).
   - When hit, check size arg → likely unpacked code destination.
   - Set hardware execute BP on returned address.
   - Run → break at OEP (unpacked code).
4. Dump: Use `Scylla` (x64dbg plugin) or `radare2` `om`.
5. Fix IAT: Reconstruct imports with `Scylla` or manual.

Operator checklist (per objective)

Each objective workflow in §1–9 plus §7b contains a full step-by-step flow. Quick gate:

• Triage complete before deep static analysis.
• Objective defined before tool selection.
• Isolated environment for dynamic analysis.
• Static findings validated dynamically; dynamic assumptions confirmed statically.
• Reproducible notes (hashes, tool versions, environment) captured for reporting.

Common pitfalls (all objectives)

• Analysis paralysis: Disassembling everything without objective.
• Trusting decoys: Strings may be encrypted, fake, or irrelevant.
• Skipping triage: Wasting time on packed/encrypted code.
• No isolation: Dynamic analysis on host → infection/compromise.
• Confirmation bias: Ignoring evidence contradicting hypothesis.
• Tool fixation: Using wrong tool for binary type (e.g., x64dbg for ELF).
• Ignoring anti-analysis: Debugger detected, malware exits silently.

Tool selection quick reference

Objective	Primary tools (see offensive-tools/rev/)	Environment
Malware (Windows)	ghidra, x64dbg, frida, capa	Windows VM
Malware (Linux)	ghidra, gdb+pwndbg, radare2, capa	Linux VM/WSL
Software protection (Windows)	ghidra, x64dbg, dnspy (.NET)	Windows
Patch diffing	ghidra (Version Tracking), radare2 (radiff2)	Cross-platform
Firmware	binwalk, ghidra, radare2	Linux
.NET reversing	dnspy, de4dot	Windows
Protocol RE	ghidra, frida, mitmproxy	Depends
Vulnerability hunting	ghidra/binaryninja, gdb, AFL++	Linux/Windows
Exploitability triage (→ binary-exploitation-technique)	gdb+pwndbg/gef, x64dbg, windbg, checksec	Linux/Windows
JS/Browser extension	DevTools, frida, mitmproxy	Browser/Electron
Kernel/crash dump	windbg	Windows

Resources

Core sequence:

• references/triage.md — start here for the first 5–10 minutes: format detection, entropy, imports, language/runtime fingerprints, and next-step decisioning.
• references/re-workflow.md — core methodology after triage: static, dynamic, reconstruction, Ghidra workflow, crypto-pattern spotting, and reporting.

Format supplements:

• references/pe-rev.md — PE-only pivots: RVA/raw mapping, data directories, TLS/CRT pre-entry paths, IAT/EAT/delay imports, resources/overlay/Authenticode, unpacking, and mitigation handoff.
• references/elf-rev.md — ELF-only pivots: program headers, dynamic entries, PLT/GOT/relocations, RELRO/ASLR, symbol versioning, IFUNC/constructors, loader instrumentation, and packer/runtime surfaces.
• references/dotnet-rev.md — managed-assembly workflow: deobfuscation order, resource/config extraction, stage loading, and managed/native handoff.
• references/firmware-rev.md — firmware container workflow: format-first bounded extraction, filesystem/control-plane mapping, startup review, and emulation handoff.

Problem-specific deep dives:

• references/anti-analysis.md — Linux/Windows anti-debug, anti-VM, anti-DBI, code integrity, anti-disassembly, MBA, Heaven's Gate Linux, and bypass strategies.

• references/custom-vm.md — custom VM reversing, nanomites, self-modifying code, metamorphic decrypt loops, lattice/linear-algebra solving, side-channel attacks, and emulation frameworks.

• references/ransomware-re.md — ransomware crypto workflow: hybrid model, Windows CryptoAPI/CNG/OpenSSL identification, implementation flaw checklist, encrypted-file analysis, public-key extraction, and YARA skeleton.

• references/languages.md — language/runtime pivots for Go, Rust (crate fingerprinting), Python bytecode (PyInstaller/PyArmor), Nim, VBS/WSH, Unity IL2CPP, and HarmonyOS HAP.

• references/protocol-rev.md — capture-first custom protocol reversing: text vs binary framing, gRPC/protobuf decoding, WebSocket/app-frame separation, and minimal parser outputs.

• references/browser-extension-rev.md — Chrome/Edge/Firefox extension workflow: MV2/MV3 entry points, permission-risk triage, content-script isolation, messaging edges, storage, and nativeMessaging.

• references/binary-diffing.md — binary diff workflow (radiff2, Ghidra VT, BinDiff, ghidriff), FLIRT signature generation, Ghidra FID for stripped library symbol recovery, and Windows Update MSU/CAB acquisition + PA30 delta reconstruction for n-day patch diffing.

• Exploitability handoff: once a primitive is confirmed, offensive-techniques/binary-exploitation-technique owns the chaining methodology and offensive-ctf/pwn-ctf/references holds the concrete recipes.

• references/rootkit-and-bootkit-re.md — Windows/Linux kernel-mode RE, driver/module triage, bootkit workflow, hook/callback analysis, and boot-chain evidence.