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name spring-boot description Spring Boot 3.x - Java framework for production-ready applications with dependency injection, REST APIs, data access, security, and actuator monitoring user-invocable false disable-model-invocation true version 1.1.0 updated 2026-06-15 category toolchain author Claude MPM Team license MIT progressive_disclosure {"entry_point":{"summary":"Modern Java framework for building production-ready microservices and web applications with auto-configuration, DI, REST APIs, and Spring Data","when_to_use":"Building Java microservices, REST APIs, enterprise applications, when need production-ready features like health checks, metrics, and security","quick_start":"1. Create project with start.spring.io 2. Add @SpringBootApplication 3. Create @RestController 4. Run with ./mvnw spring-boot:run"},"references":["quality-antipatterns.md"]} context_limit 700 tags ["java","spring-boot","spring","microservices","rest-api","dependency-injection","jpa","security","actuator"] requires_tools []
Spring Boot 3.x - Production-Ready Java Framework
Overview
Spring Boot is an opinionated Java framework for building production-ready applications with minimal configuration. It provides auto-configuration, embedded servers, and production-ready features like health checks and metrics.
Key Features :
Auto-configuration (sensible defaults)
Embedded servers (Tomcat, Jetty, Undertow)
Dependency Injection with @Autowired
Spring Data JPA for database access
Spring Security for authentication/authorization
Actuator for production monitoring
Built-in testing support
Requirements :
Java 17+ (Spring Boot 3.x requires Java 17 minimum)
Maven or Gradle
Quick Start :
curl https://start.spring.io/starter.zip \
-d type =maven-project \
-d language=java \
-d bootVersion=3.2.0 \
-d dependencies=web,data-jpa,postgresql,lombok,actuator \
-d name=myapp \
-o myapp.zip && unzip myapp.zip
cd myapp
./mvnw spring-boot:run
Project Structure
src/
├── main/
│ ├── java/com/example/myapp/
│ │ ├── MyappApplication.java # Main class
│ │ ├── config/ # @Configuration classes
│ │ ├── controller/ # @RestController classes
│ │ ├── service/ # @Service classes
│ │ ├── repository/ # @Repository interfaces
│ │ ├── model/ # Entity classes
│ │ ├── dto/ # Data Transfer Objects
│ │ └── exception/ # Exception handlers
│ └── resources/
│ ├── application.yml # Configuration
│ └── application-{profile}.yml # Profile-specific config
└── test/
└── java/com/example/myapp/ # Test classes
Core Annotations
Application Setup
@SpringBootApplication
public class MyappApplication {
public static void main
(String[] args)
Dependency Injection
@Service
public class UserService {
private final UserRepository userRepository;
private final PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder;
public UserService (UserRepository userRepository, PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder) {
this .userRepository = userRepository;
this .passwordEncoder = passwordEncoder;
}
}
@Service
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class UserService {
private final UserRepository userRepository;
private final PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder;
}
@Service
public class UserService {
@Autowired
private UserRepository userRepository;
}
Component Stereotypes @Component
@Service
@Repository
@Controller
@RestController
@Configuration
REST Controllers
Basic Controller @RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/v1/users")
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class UserController {
private final UserService userService;
@GetMapping
public ResponseEntity<List<UserDto>> getAllUsers () {
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.findAll());
}
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<UserDto> getUserById (@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.findById(id)
.map(ResponseEntity::ok)
.orElse(ResponseEntity.notFound().build());
}
@PostMapping
public ResponseEntity<UserDto> createUser (@Valid @RequestBody CreateUserRequest request) {
UserDto created = userService.create(request);
URI location = ServletUriComponentsBuilder
.fromCurrentRequest()
.path("/{id}" )
.buildAndExpand(created.getId())
.toUri();
return ResponseEntity.created(location).body(created);
}
@PutMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<UserDto> updateUser (
@PathVariable Long id,
@Valid @RequestBody UpdateUserRequest request) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.update(id, request));
}
@DeleteMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<Void> deleteUser (@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.delete(id);
return ResponseEntity.noContent().build();
}
@GetMapping("/search")
public ResponseEntity<List<UserDto>> searchUsers (
@RequestParam(required = false) String email,
@RequestParam(defaultValue = "0") int page,
@RequestParam(defaultValue = "20") int size) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.search(email, page, size));
}
}
Request/Response DTOs
@Data
public class CreateUserRequest {
@NotBlank(message = "Email is required")
@Email(message = "Invalid email format")
private String email;
@NotBlank(message = "Name is required")
@Size(min = 2, max = 100, message = "Name must be 2-100 characters")
private String name;
@NotBlank(message = "Password is required")
@Size(min = 8, message = "Password must be at least 8 characters")
private String password;
}
@Data
@Builder
public class UserDto {
private Long id;
private String email;
private String name;
private LocalDateTime createdAt;
private LocalDateTime updatedAt;
public static UserDto fromEntity (User user) {
return UserDto.builder()
.id(user.getId())
.email(user.getEmail())
.name(user.getName())
.createdAt(user.getCreatedAt())
.updatedAt(user.getUpdatedAt())
.build();
}
}
Service Layer @Service
@RequiredArgsConstructor
@Transactional(readOnly = true)
public class UserService {
private final UserRepository userRepository;
private final PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder;
public List<UserDto> findAll () {
return userRepository.findAll().stream()
.map(UserDto::fromEntity)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
public Optional<UserDto> findById (Long id) {
return userRepository.findById(id)
.map(UserDto::fromEntity);
}
@Transactional
public UserDto create (CreateUserRequest request) {
if (userRepository.existsByEmail(request.getEmail())) {
throw new EmailAlreadyExistsException (request.getEmail());
}
User user = User.builder()
.email(request.getEmail())
.name(request.getName())
.passwordHash(passwordEncoder.encode(request.getPassword()))
.build();
return UserDto.fromEntity(userRepository.save(user));
}
@Transactional
public UserDto update (Long id, UpdateUserRequest request) {
User user = userRepository.findById(id)
.orElseThrow(() -> new UserNotFoundException (id));
if (request.getName() != null ) {
user.setName(request.getName());
}
if (request.getEmail() != null ) {
user.setEmail(request.getEmail());
}
return UserDto.fromEntity(userRepository.save(user));
}
@Transactional
public void delete (Long id) {
if (!userRepository.existsById(id)) {
throw new UserNotFoundException (id);
}
userRepository.deleteById(id);
}
public List<UserDto> search (String email, int page, int size) {
Pageable pageable = PageRequest.of(page, size, Sort.by("createdAt" ).descending());
Page<User> users = email != null
? userRepository.findByEmailContainingIgnoreCase(email, pageable)
: userRepository.findAll(pageable);
return users.stream()
.map(UserDto::fromEntity)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
}
Repository Layer (Spring Data JPA)
Basic Repository @Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository <User, Long> {
Optional<User> findByEmail (String email) ;
boolean existsByEmail (String email) ;
List<User> findByNameContainingIgnoreCase (String name) ;
Page<User> findByEmailContainingIgnoreCase (String email, Pageable pageable) ;
@Query("SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.createdAt > :date AND u.active = true")
List<User> findActiveUsersCreatedAfter (@Param("date") LocalDateTime date) ;
@Query(value = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE email ILIKE %:email%", nativeQuery = true)
List<User> searchByEmail (@Param("email") String email) ;
@Modifying
@Query("UPDATE User u SET u.active = false WHERE u.lastLoginAt < :date")
int deactivateInactiveUsers (@Param("date") LocalDateTime date) ;
}
Entity Class @Entity
@Table(name = "users")
@Data
@Builder
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class User {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
@Column(nullable = false, unique = true)
private String email;
@Column(nullable = false)
private String name;
@Column(name = "password_hash", nullable = false)
private String passwordHash;
@Column(nullable = false)
@Builder .Default
private boolean active = true ;
@Column(name = "created_at", nullable = false, updatable = false)
@CreationTimestamp
private LocalDateTime createdAt;
@Column(name = "updated_at", nullable = false)
@UpdateTimestamp
private LocalDateTime updatedAt;
@OneToMany(mappedBy = "user", cascade = CascadeType.ALL, orphanRemoval = true)
@Builder .Default
private List<Post> posts = new ArrayList <>();
@ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
@JoinTable(
name = "user_roles",
joinColumns = @JoinColumn(name = "user_id"),
inverseJoinColumns = @JoinColumn(name = "role_id")
)
@Builder .Default
private Set<Role> roles = new HashSet <>();
}
Configuration
application.yml spring:
application:
name: myapp
datasource:
url: jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb
username: ${DB_USERNAME:postgres}
password: ${DB_PASSWORD:password}
hikari:
maximum-pool-size: 10
minimum-idle: 5
connection-timeout: 30000
jpa:
hibernate:
ddl-auto: validate
show-sql: false
properties:
hibernate:
format_sql: true
default_schema: public
profiles:
active: ${SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE:dev}
server:
port: ${PORT:8080}
servlet:
context-path: /api
management:
endpoints:
web:
exposure:
include: health,info,metrics,prometheus
endpoint:
health:
show-details: when_authorized
app:
jwt:
secret: ${JWT_SECRET:your-secret-key}
expiration-ms: 86400000
Profile-Specific Configuration
spring:
jpa:
show-sql: true
h2:
console:
enabled: true
logging:
level:
com.example.myapp: DEBUG
org.springframework.web: DEBUG
---
spring:
jpa:
show-sql: false
properties:
hibernate:
generate_statistics: false
logging:
level:
com.example.myapp: INFO
org.springframework.web: WARN
Configuration Properties Class @Configuration
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "app.jwt")
@Data
public class JwtProperties {
private String secret;
private long expirationMs;
}
@Service
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class JwtService {
private final JwtProperties jwtProperties;
public String generateToken (User user) {
return Jwts.builder()
.setSubject(user.getEmail())
.setIssuedAt(new Date ())
.setExpiration(new Date (System.currentTimeMillis() + jwtProperties.getExpirationMs()))
.signWith(Keys.hmacShaKeyFor(jwtProperties.getSecret().getBytes()))
.compact();
}
}
Exception Handling
Global Exception Handler @RestControllerAdvice
@Slf4j
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
@ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleValidationErrors (MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
List<String> errors = ex.getBindingResult()
.getFieldErrors()
.stream()
.map(error -> error.getField() + ": " + error.getDefaultMessage())
.collect(Collectors.toList());
ErrorResponse response = ErrorResponse.builder()
.status(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST.value())
.message("Validation failed" )
.errors(errors)
.timestamp(LocalDateTime.now())
.build();
return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body(response);
}
@ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleNotFound (ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
ErrorResponse response = ErrorResponse.builder()
.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND.value())
.message(ex.getMessage())
.timestamp(LocalDateTime.now())
.build();
return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND).body(response);
}
@ExceptionHandler(BusinessException.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleBusinessException (BusinessException ex) {
ErrorResponse response = ErrorResponse.builder()
.status(HttpStatus.CONFLICT.value())
.message(ex.getMessage())
.timestamp(LocalDateTime.now())
.build();
return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.CONFLICT).body(response);
}
@ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleAllExceptions (Exception ex) {
log.error("Unexpected error occurred" , ex);
ErrorResponse response = ErrorResponse.builder()
.status(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.value())
.message("An unexpected error occurred" )
.timestamp(LocalDateTime.now())
.build();
return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR).body(response);
}
}
@Data
@Builder
public class ErrorResponse {
private int status;
private String message;
private List<String> errors;
private LocalDateTime timestamp;
}
public class ResourceNotFoundException extends RuntimeException {
public ResourceNotFoundException (String resource, Long id) {
super (String.format("%s not found with id: %d" , resource, id));
}
}
public class UserNotFoundException extends ResourceNotFoundException {
public UserNotFoundException (Long id) {
super ("User" , id);
}
}
Spring Security
Security Configuration (Spring Security 6.x) @Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
@EnableMethodSecurity
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class SecurityConfig {
private final JwtAuthenticationFilter jwtAuthFilter;
private final UserDetailsService userDetailsService;
@Bean
public SecurityFilterChain securityFilterChain (HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
http
.csrf(csrf -> csrf.disable())
.sessionManagement(session -> session
.sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS))
.authorizeHttpRequests(auth -> auth
.requestMatchers("/api/v1/auth/**" ).permitAll()
.requestMatchers("/actuator/health" ).permitAll()
.requestMatchers("/api/v1/admin/**" ).hasRole("ADMIN" )
.anyRequest().authenticated())
.authenticationProvider(authenticationProvider())
.addFilterBefore(jwtAuthFilter, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class);
return http.build();
}
@Bean
public AuthenticationProvider authenticationProvider () {
DaoAuthenticationProvider provider = new DaoAuthenticationProvider ();
provider.setUserDetailsService(userDetailsService);
provider.setPasswordEncoder(passwordEncoder());
return provider;
}
@Bean
public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder () {
return new BCryptPasswordEncoder ();
}
@Bean
public AuthenticationManager authenticationManager (AuthenticationConfiguration config)
throws Exception {
return config.getAuthenticationManager();
}
}
JWT Filter @Component
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class JwtAuthenticationFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
private final JwtService jwtService;
private final UserDetailsService userDetailsService;
@Override
protected void doFilterInternal (
HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response,
FilterChain filterChain) throws ServletException, IOException {
final String authHeader = request.getHeader("Authorization" );
if (authHeader == null || !authHeader.startsWith("Bearer " )) {
filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
return ;
}
final String jwt = authHeader.substring(7 );
final String userEmail = jwtService.extractUsername(jwt);
if (userEmail != null && SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication() == null ) {
UserDetails userDetails = userDetailsService.loadUserByUsername(userEmail);
if (jwtService.isTokenValid(jwt, userDetails)) {
UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authToken =
new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken (
userDetails,
null ,
userDetails.getAuthorities());
authToken.setDetails(new WebAuthenticationDetailsSource ().buildDetails(request));
SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(authToken);
}
}
filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
}
}
Actuator Endpoints
management:
endpoints:
web:
exposure:
include: health,info,metrics,prometheus,env
base-path: /actuator
endpoint:
health:
show-details: when_authorized
probes:
enabled: true
info:
env:
enabled: true
info:
app:
name: ${spring.application.name}
version: '@project.version@'
java:
version: ${java.version}
Common Actuator Endpoints :
GET /actuator/health - Application healthGET /actuator/health/liveness - Kubernetes liveness probeGET /actuator/health/readiness - Kubernetes readiness probeGET /actuator/info - Application informationGET /actuator/metrics - Metrics listGET /actuator/metrics/{name} - Specific metricGET /actuator/prometheus - Prometheus format metrics
Testing
Unit Testing Controllers @WebMvcTest(UserController.class)
class UserControllerTest {
@Autowired
private MockMvc mockMvc;
@MockBean
private UserService userService;
@Autowired
private ObjectMapper objectMapper;
@Test
void shouldReturnUserById () throws Exception {
UserDto user = UserDto.builder()
.id(1L )
.email("test@example.com" )
.name("Test User" )
.build();
when (userService.findById(1L )).thenReturn(Optional.of(user));
mockMvc.perform(get("/api/v1/users/1" ))
.andExpect(status().isOk())
.andExpect(jsonPath("$.id" ).value(1 ))
.andExpect(jsonPath("$.email" ).value("test@example.com" ));
}
@Test
void shouldReturn404WhenUserNotFound () throws Exception {
when (userService.findById(999L )).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
mockMvc.perform(get("/api/v1/users/999" ))
.andExpect(status().isNotFound());
}
@Test
void shouldCreateUser () throws Exception {
CreateUserRequest request = new CreateUserRequest ();
request.setEmail("new@example.com" );
request.setName("New User" );
request.setPassword("password123" );
UserDto created = UserDto.builder()
.id(1L )
.email("new@example.com" )
.name("New User" )
.build();
when (userService.create(any())).thenReturn(created);
mockMvc.perform(post("/api/v1/users" )
.contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
.content(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(request)))
.andExpect(status().isCreated())
.andExpect(jsonPath("$.email" ).value("new@example.com" ));
}
}
Integration Testing @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace = AutoConfigureTestDatabase.Replace.ANY)
@Transactional
class UserIntegrationTest {
@Autowired
private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;
@Autowired
private UserRepository userRepository;
@Test
void shouldCreateAndRetrieveUser () {
CreateUserRequest request = new CreateUserRequest ();
request.setEmail("integration@test.com" );
request.setName("Integration Test" );
request.setPassword("password123" );
ResponseEntity<UserDto> createResponse = restTemplate.postForEntity(
"/api/v1/users" , request, UserDto.class);
assertThat(createResponse.getStatusCode()).isEqualTo(HttpStatus.CREATED);
assertThat(createResponse.getBody()).isNotNull();
assertThat(createResponse.getBody().getEmail()).isEqualTo("integration@test.com" );
Long userId = createResponse.getBody().getId();
ResponseEntity<UserDto> getResponse = restTemplate.getForEntity(
"/api/v1/users/" + userId, UserDto.class);
assertThat(getResponse.getStatusCode()).isEqualTo(HttpStatus.OK);
assertThat(getResponse.getBody().getName()).isEqualTo("Integration Test" );
}
}
Repository Testing @DataJpaTest
class UserRepositoryTest {
@Autowired
private UserRepository userRepository;
@Autowired
private TestEntityManager entityManager;
@Test
void shouldFindByEmail () {
User user = User.builder()
.email("test@example.com" )
.name("Test" )
.passwordHash("hash" )
.build();
entityManager.persistAndFlush(user);
Optional<User> found = userRepository.findByEmail("test@example.com" );
assertThat(found).isPresent();
assertThat(found.get().getName()).isEqualTo("Test" );
}
}
Best Practices
1. Use Constructor Injection
@Service
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class UserService {
private final UserRepository userRepository;
}
2. Layer Separation
3. Transaction Management @Service
@Transactional(readOnly = true)
public class UserService {
@Transactional
public void updateUser () { }
}
4. Configuration Externalization
spring:
datasource:
password: ${DB_PASSWORD}
5. Error Handling
Code Quality & Robustness Anti-Patterns Beyond framework patterns, watch for a recurring set of robustness and changeability
defects in services, controllers, and exception handlers. These are caught by static
analysis but are easy to introduce by hand:
Generic catch (Exception) buried in a method — catch the specific types you can
handle. A broad catch is correct only at the top-level boundary (e.g. the
@RestControllerAdvice catch-all), commented as intentional.Catch clauses that only rethrow the same exception — delete them or have them add
context (wrap into a typed domain exception).Throwing raw RuntimeException/Exception — throw typed domain exceptions so
@ExceptionHandler can map them to the right HTTP status.Nested try/catch — extract the inner concern into its own method.if … else if with no final elseswitch with no defaultSwitch fall-through from non-empty cases and nested switches — prefer the
arrow switch (Java 14+) over enums/sealed types for compiler-enforced exhaustiveness.Collapsible nested if and loop-counter modification inside the loop body —
combine conditions; never reassign a for counter in its body.
Resources
Related Skills When using Spring Boot, consider these complementary skills:
mongodb : NoSQL database integration with Spring Data MongoDBdocker : Containerizing Spring Boot applicationskubernetes : Deploying Spring Boot microservicespostgresql : Relational database patterns with JPA 