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Flask - Lightweight Python web framework for microservices, REST APIs, and flexible web applications with extensive extension ecosystem
version
1.0.0
category
toolchain
author
Claude MPM Team
license
MIT
progressive_disclosure
{"entry_point":{"summary":"Lightweight Python web framework for microservices and REST APIs with flexible architecture and extensive extension ecosystem","when_to_use":"Building microservices, REST APIs with Flask-RESTful, lightweight web apps, when flexibility over batteries-included frameworks is needed, rapid prototyping","quick_start":"1. pip install flask 2. Create app.py with @app.route decorators 3. flask run 4. Access http://localhost:5000"}}
Flask is a micro-framework for Python web development, designed for building microservices, REST APIs, and flexible web applications. Its minimalist core and extensive extension ecosystem make it ideal for projects requiring lightweight architecture, rapid development, and full control over components.
# Development server
python app.py
# Or using flask CLI
export FLASK_APP=app.py
export FLASK_ENV=development
flask run
# Custom port
flask run --port 8000 --host 0.0.0.0
2. Application Factory Pattern
Recommended for production and testing:
# app/__init__.py
from flask import Flask
from app.config import Config
from app.extensions import db, migrate, jwt
def create_app(config_class=Config):
"""Application factory pattern."""
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_object(config_class)
# Initialize extensions
db.init_app(app)
migrate.init_app(app, db)
jwt.init_app(app)
# Register blueprints
from app.routes import api_bp, auth_bp
app.register_blueprint(api_bp, url_prefix='/api')
app.register_blueprint(auth_bp, url_prefix='/auth')
return app
# app/extensions.py
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
from flask_migrate import Migrate
from flask_jwt_extended import JWTManager
db = SQLAlchemy()
migrate = Migrate()
jwt = JWTManager()
# app/config.py
import os
class Config:
SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('SECRET_KEY') or 'dev-secret-key'
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = os.environ.get('DATABASE_URL') or 'sqlite:///app.db'
SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = False
JWT_SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('JWT_SECRET_KEY') or 'jwt-secret'
class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
DEBUG = True
TESTING = False
class ProductionConfig(Config):
DEBUG = False
TESTING = False
# run.py
from app import create_app
app = create_app()
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
Run:
export FLASK_APP=run.py
flask run
3. Request and Response Handling
from flask import Flask, request, jsonify, make_response, abort
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/api/data', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def handle_data():
# GET request
if request.method == 'GET':
# Query parameters
page = request.args.get('page', 1, type=int)
limit = request.args.get('limit', 10, type=int)
return jsonify({
"page": page,
"limit": limit,
"data": [...]
})
# POST request
if request.method == 'POST':
# JSON body
data = request.get_json()
# Validation
if not data or 'name' not in data:
abort(400, description="Missing required field: name")
# Custom response with headers
response = make_response(jsonify({"id": 1, **data}), 201)
response.headers['X-Custom-Header'] = 'value'
return response
# Error handling
@app.errorhandler(404)
def not_found(error):
return jsonify({"error": "Resource not found"}), 404
@app.errorhandler(400)
def bad_request(error):
return jsonify({"error": str(error.description)}), 400
# app/routes/users.py
from flask import Blueprint, jsonify, request
from app.models.user import User
from app.extensions import db
users_bp = Blueprint('users', __name__)
@users_bp.route('/', methods=['GET'])
def list_users():
"""List all users."""
page = request.args.get('page', 1, type=int)
per_page = request.args.get('per_page', 20, type=int)
users = User.query.paginate(page=page, per_page=per_page)
return jsonify({
"users": [u.to_dict() for u in users.items],
"total": users.total,
"page": users.page,
"pages": users.pages
})
@users_bp.route('/<int:user_id>', methods=['GET'])
def get_user(user_id):
"""Get user by ID."""
user = User.query.get_or_404(user_id)
return jsonify(user.to_dict())
@users_bp.route('/', methods=['POST'])
def create_user():
"""Create new user."""
data = request.get_json()
user = User(
email=data['email'],
name=data['name']
)
user.set_password(data['password'])
db.session.add(user)
db.session.commit()
return jsonify(user.to_dict()), 201
@users_bp.route('/<int:user_id>', methods=['PUT'])
def update_user(user_id):
"""Update user."""
user = User.query.get_or_404(user_id)
data = request.get_json()
if 'name' in data:
user.name = data['name']
if 'email' in data:
user.email = data['email']
db.session.commit()
return jsonify(user.to_dict())
@users_bp.route('/<int:user_id>', methods=['DELETE'])
def delete_user(user_id):
"""Delete user."""
user = User.query.get_or_404(user_id)
db.session.delete(user)
db.session.commit()
return '', 204
# app/__init__.py
def create_app():
app = Flask(__name__)
# Register blueprints
from app.routes.users import users_bp
from app.routes.products import products_bp
app.register_blueprint(users_bp, url_prefix='/api/users')
app.register_blueprint(products_bp, url_prefix='/api/products')
return app
Flask-RESTful for APIs
Basic REST API
# app/api/resources.py
from flask import request
from flask_restful import Resource, Api, reqparse, fields, marshal_with
from app.models.user import User
from app.extensions import db
# Response serialization
user_fields = {
'id': fields.Integer,
'email': fields.String,
'name': fields.String,
'created_at': fields.DateTime(dt_format='iso8601')
}
class UserListResource(Resource):
"""User collection endpoint."""
@marshal_with(user_fields)
def get(self):
"""List all users."""
users = User.query.all()
return users
def post(self):
"""Create new user."""
parser = reqparse.RequestParser()
parser.add_argument('email', required=True, help='Email is required')
parser.add_argument('name', required=True, help='Name is required')
parser.add_argument('password', required=True, help='Password is required')
args = parser.parse_args()
user = User(email=args['email'], name=args['name'])
user.set_password(args['password'])
db.session.add(user)
db.session.commit()
return {'id': user.id, 'email': user.email, 'name': user.name}, 201
class UserResource(Resource):
"""Single user endpoint."""
@marshal_with(user_fields)
def get(self, user_id):
"""Get user by ID."""
user = User.query.get_or_404(user_id)
return user
@marshal_with(user_fields)
def put(self, user_id):
"""Update user."""
user = User.query.get_or_404(user_id)
parser = reqparse.RequestParser()
parser.add_argument('name')
parser.add_argument('email')
args = parser.parse_args()
if args['name']:
user.name = args['name']
if args['email']:
user.email = args['email']
db.session.commit()
return user
def delete(self, user_id):
"""Delete user."""
user = User.query.get_or_404(user_id)
db.session.delete(user)
db.session.commit()
return '', 204
# app/__init__.py
from flask_restful import Api
def create_app():
app = Flask(__name__)
api = Api(app, prefix='/api/v1')
# Register resources
from app.api.resources import UserListResource, UserResource
api.add_resource(UserListResource, '/users')
api.add_resource(UserResource, '/users/<int:user_id>')
return app
Request Validation
Marshmallow Schemas
# app/schemas/user_schema.py
from marshmallow import Schema, fields, validate, validates, ValidationError
class UserSchema(Schema):
"""User validation schema."""
id = fields.Int(dump_only=True)
email = fields.Email(required=True, validate=validate.Length(max=120))
name = fields.Str(required=True, validate=validate.Length(min=2, max=80))
password = fields.Str(
required=True,
load_only=True,
validate=validate.Length(min=8)
)
created_at = fields.DateTime(dump_only=True)
@validates('email')
def validate_email(self, value):
"""Check email uniqueness."""
from app.models.user import User
if User.query.filter_by(email=value).first():
raise ValidationError('Email already registered')
class UserUpdateSchema(Schema):
"""User update schema (partial updates)."""
email = fields.Email(validate=validate.Length(max=120))
name = fields.Str(validate=validate.Length(min=2, max=80))
password = fields.Str(load_only=True, validate=validate.Length(min=8))
# Usage in routes
from marshmallow import ValidationError
from app.schemas.user_schema import UserSchema, UserUpdateSchema
user_schema = UserSchema()
users_schema = UserSchema(many=True)
user_update_schema = UserUpdateSchema()
@users_bp.route('/', methods=['POST'])
def create_user():
"""Create user with validation."""
try:
# Validate and deserialize
data = user_schema.load(request.get_json())
except ValidationError as err:
return jsonify({"errors": err.messages}), 400
user = User(**data)
db.session.add(user)
db.session.commit()
# Serialize response
return user_schema.dump(user), 201
@users_bp.route('/', methods=['GET'])
def list_users():
"""List users with serialization."""
users = User.query.all()
return jsonify(users_schema.dump(users))
Pydantic Validation
# app/schemas/user_schema_pydantic.py
from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr, Field, validator
from typing import Optional
from datetime import datetime
class UserCreate(BaseModel):
"""User creation schema."""
email: EmailStr
name: str = Field(..., min_length=2, max_length=80)
password: str = Field(..., min_length=8)
@validator('password')
def password_complexity(cls, v):
"""Validate password complexity."""
if not any(char.isdigit() for char in v):
raise ValueError('Password must contain at least one digit')
if not any(char.isupper() for char in v):
raise ValueError('Password must contain at least one uppercase letter')
return v
class UserUpdate(BaseModel):
"""User update schema."""
email: Optional[EmailStr] = None
name: Optional[str] = Field(None, min_length=2, max_length=80)
class UserResponse(BaseModel):
"""User response schema."""
id: int
email: str
name: str
created_at: datetime
class Config:
orm_mode = True
# Usage
from pydantic import ValidationError
@users_bp.route('/', methods=['POST'])
def create_user():
"""Create user with Pydantic validation."""
try:
user_data = UserCreate(**request.get_json())
except ValidationError as e:
return jsonify({"errors": e.errors()}), 400
user = User(
email=user_data.email,
name=user_data.name
)
user.set_password(user_data.password)
db.session.add(user)
db.session.commit()
return UserResponse.from_orm(user).dict(), 201
SQLAlchemy Integration
Models with Flask-SQLAlchemy
# app/models/user.py
from datetime import datetime
from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash, check_password_hash
from app.extensions import db
class User(db.Model):
"""User model."""
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True, nullable=False, index=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(80), nullable=False)
password_hash = db.Column(db.String(200), nullable=False)
is_active = db.Column(db.Boolean, default=True)
created_at = db.Column(db.DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow)
updated_at = db.Column(db.DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow, onupdate=datetime.utcnow)
# Relationships
posts = db.relationship('Post', backref='author', lazy='dynamic', cascade='all, delete-orphan')
def set_password(self, password):
"""Hash and set password."""
self.password_hash = generate_password_hash(password)
def check_password(self, password):
"""Verify password."""
return check_password_hash(self.password_hash, password)
def to_dict(self):
"""Serialize to dictionary."""
return {
'id': self.id,
'email': self.email,
'name': self.name,
'is_active': self.is_active,
'created_at': self.created_at.isoformat(),
'updated_at': self.updated_at.isoformat()
}
def __repr__(self):
return f'<User {self.email}>'
# app/models/post.py
class Post(db.Model):
"""Post model."""
__tablename__ = 'posts'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
title = db.Column(db.String(200), nullable=False)
content = db.Column(db.Text, nullable=False)
user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('users.id'), nullable=False)
created_at = db.Column(db.DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow)
def to_dict(self):
return {
'id': self.id,
'title': self.title,
'content': self.content,
'user_id': self.user_id,
'author': self.author.name,
'created_at': self.created_at.isoformat()
}
# Database operations
@users_bp.route('/<int:user_id>/posts', methods=['GET'])
def get_user_posts(user_id):
"""Get user posts with pagination."""
user = User.query.get_or_404(user_id)
page = request.args.get('page', 1, type=int)
posts = user.posts.paginate(page=page, per_page=20)
return jsonify({
'posts': [p.to_dict() for p in posts.items],
'total': posts.total,
'page': posts.page
})
Database Migrations
# Initialize migrations
flask db init
# Create migration
flask db migrate -m "Create users table"
# Apply migration
flask db upgrade
# Rollback
flask db downgrade
# ✅ GOOD: Organized blueprints
from app.routes.users import users_bp
from app.routes.products import products_bp
app.register_blueprint(users_bp, url_prefix='/api/users')
app.register_blueprint(products_bp, url_prefix='/api/products')
# ❌ BAD: All routes in single file
3. Validate All Input
# ✅ GOOD: Validation with Marshmallow/Pydantic
try:
data = user_schema.load(request.get_json())
except ValidationError as e:
return jsonify({"errors": e.messages}), 400
# ❌ BAD: No validation
data = request.get_json()
user = User(**data) # Unsafe!
