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Quantitative consequence modelling that converts a release scenario (mass flow,
inventory, ignition probability) into thermal radiation contours, overpressure
contours, dispersion footprints, and finally individual / societal fatality risk
per ISO 17776, NORSOK Z-013, API 752 and the CCPS Guidelines for Chemical
Process Quantitative Risk Analysis.
When to Use
Jet-fire, pool-fire, VCE or BLEVE source-term modelling
Toxic / flammable dispersion to LFL, IDLH, ERPG-2/3 or 1 % fatality contours
Probit-based fatality probability for thermal radiation, overpressure or toxic dose
QRA roll-up: combine release frequency × ignition probability × fatality probability
Source-term generation as input to PHAST / FLACS / KFX
Distinct from neqsim-process-safety (HAZOP / LOPA / SIL — frequency side) and
neqsim-relief-flare-network (PSV sizing / flare radiation — design side). This
skill is the consequence side of QRA.
Standards
API 521 §6 — flare and vent radiation, fire heat input
import neqsim.process.safety.fire.PoolFireModel;
// 500 kg liquid, burning rate 0.05 kg/m²·s, dike diameter 8 m, η = 0.30PoolFireModelpool=newPoolFireModel(0.05, 8.0, 50.0e6, 0.30);
doubleflux= pool.radiationFluxAt(25.0); // W/m² at 25 m
import neqsim.process.safety.fire.VCEModel;
// 200 kg flammable in cloud, congestion class 7 (heavy)VCEModelvce=newVCEModel(200.0, 50.0e6, 7);
doubleoverpressure= vce.overpressureAt(60.0); // Pa at 60 mdoublesafeDist= vce.distanceForOverpressure(20684.0); // m for 3 psi
import neqsim.process.safety.dispersion.GaussianPlume;
// 10 kg/s leak, ground-level source, 4 m/s wind, neutral stability DGaussianPlumeplume=newGaussianPlume(10.0, 0.0, 4.0,
GaussianPlume.Stability.D, GaussianPlume.Terrain.RURAL);
doubleconc= plume.centerlineGroundConcentration(200.0); // kg/m³doubledistLFL= plume.distanceToConcentration(0.044); // m to methane LFL
Stability classes: A (very unstable) … F (stable). RURAL vs URBAN selects Briggs σ
coefficients per Pasquill-Gifford. Use Stability.F for worst-case dispersion
analysis (calm night, low wind).
Method 6 — Heavy-Gas Dispersion
For dense releases (CO₂, propane, butane) the Gaussian model under-predicts
near-field concentrations. Use HeavyGasDispersion (Britter-McQuaid screening):
import neqsim.process.safety.dispersion.HeavyGasDispersion;
HeavyGasDispersionhgs=newHeavyGasDispersion(
50.0, // continuous release rate [kg/s]1.98, // gas density at release [kg/m³]1.20, // ambient density [kg/m³]4.0); // wind speed [m/s]doubledistLFL= hgs.distanceToConcentration(0.05); // m
Method 7 — Probit Fatality Probability
import neqsim.process.safety.dispersion.ProbitModel;
// Thermal: Y = a + b·ln(t·F^(4/3)), 60 s exposure at 12.5 kW/m²doublepFatality= ProbitModel.thermalFatality()
.fatalityProbability(60.0, 12500.0);
// Toxic H2S: Y = -31.42 + 3.008·ln(C^1.43·t)ProbitModelh2s= ProbitModel.h2sFatality();
doublepH2S= h2s.fatalityProbability(600.0, 5.0e-4); // 10 min, 500 ppm// Overpressure (lung haemorrhage): Y = -77.1 + 6.91·ln(P)ProbitModelovp= ProbitModel.overpressureFatality();
Built-in factories: thermalFatality(), overpressureFatality(),
h2sFatality(), cl2Fatality(), nh3Fatality(), coFatality(). The
ToxicLibrary class centralises probit constants for common toxic gases.
Method 8 — QRA Roll-up
import neqsim.process.safety.qra.ConsequenceAnalysisEngine;
ConsequenceAnalysisEnginee=newConsequenceAnalysisEngine(
"10 mm gas leak", 1.0e-4); // release frequency [/yr]
e.addJetFire(0.05, jet, ProbitModel.thermalFatality(), 60.0);
e.addJetFire(0.02, pool, ProbitModel.thermalFatality(), 60.0);
e.addToxicCloud(0.01, plume, ProbitModel.h2sFatality(), 600.0);
doubleIRPA= e.individualFatalityRiskPerYear(50.0); // at 50 mStringtext= e.report(50.0);
import neqsim.process.safety.fire.Api537FlareFlameModel;
Api537FlareFlameModelflame=newApi537FlareFlameModel(
50.0, 50.0e6, 0.20, 200.0) // mDot[kg/s], HoC[J/kg], radiantFrac, vExit[m/s]
.setStackHeightM(40.0)
.setWindSpeedMPerS(10.0);
doubler473= flame.sterileZoneRadiusM(Api537FlareFlameModel.FLUX_4_73_KW); // property linedoubleq75= flame.heatFluxAtGroundDistance(75.0); // W/m²doublespl= flame.soundPressureLevelDb(100.0); // dB at 100 m
Use this instead of the point-source jet-fire form when the source is an elevated
flare tip (it accounts for stack height, wind tilt, and flame geometry).
Method 10 — Hazardous-Area Zone Classification (IEC 60079-10-1)
Determines whether unprotected steel reaches its critical temperature before the
required survival time, and if so the intumescent thickness and H/J rating.
Source Term for External CFD
ConsequenceAnalysisEngine.exportSourceTerm() writes a JSON block usable by
PHAST, FLACS, KFX or DNV Safeti containing release rate, momentum, density,
duration and chemistry — the standard handoff format described in
neqsim-agent-handoff.
Common Pitfalls
Stability class — using class D ("typical") instead of F for hazard contours
under-predicts safe distance by 2–3×. Always run F at low wind for siting.
Heavy gas — applying Gaussian to CO₂ / LPG releases under-predicts near-field
concentration. Switch to HeavyGasDispersion when density ratio > 1.2.
Probit constants — different sources give different (a, b, n). Always cite
the source; the factories in ProbitModel use CCPS values.
Ignition probability — small leaks (< 1 kg/s) often use 1–5 %, large
leaks (> 50 kg/s) up to 30 % delayed. Use scenario-specific values, not 100 %.
Flame view-factor — the simple 1/(4πr²) point-source form is conservative
near the flame; use API 521 solid-flame for distances < 2 × flame length.
Verification Tests
src/test/java/neqsim/process/safety/{fire,dispersion,qra}/ contain JUnit 5
tests for every model. Run:
./mvnw test -Dtest=FireModelsTest,GaussianPlumeTest,ProbitModelTest,ConsequenceAnalysisEngineTest,Api537FlareFlameModelTest,HazardousAreaCalculatorTest,PfpDemandCalculatorTest
See Also
neqsim-process-safety — frequency side (HAZOP / LOPA / SIL)
neqsim-relief-flare-network — PSV sizing and flare radiation
