nixos-debug

name	nixos-debug
description	Debug failing NixOS builds and activations. Use when build fails (infinite recursion, attribute errors, evaluation errors), activation fails (systemd services, SOPS secrets, home-manager), or when asking to "debug build", "fix activation error", "why is rebuild failing", or "troubleshoot NixOS issue". Handles SOPS decryption issues, systemd service failures, and common NixOS configuration errors.

NixOS Build & Activation Debugging

Debug failing NixOS builds and activations for this NixOS flake repository.

When to Use This Skill

Trigger this skill when encountering:

• Build failures: infinite recursion, attribute errors, evaluation errors
• Activation failures: systemd services, SOPS secrets, home-manager issues
• Module configuration problems: imports not working, options missing

Quick Diagnostic Workflow

1. Identify Failure Type

Build failure (fails before activation):

• Infinite recursion
• Attribute already defined / missing
• Type errors, evaluation errors
• Flake check failures

Activation failure (build succeeds, activation fails):

• Systemd service failures
• SOPS decryption errors
• Home Manager conflicts
• File system mount errors
• Boot loader errors

2. Get Error Context

# Recommended: Use nh CLI (better output, cleaner errors)
nh os switch --ask

# Or traditional nixos-rebuild with full trace
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --flake .#hostname --show-trace

# For flake check
nix flake check --show-trace

Copy the full error message including file paths and line numbers.

Note: This repository has nh (nix-helper) available, which provides cleaner output and better error messages than nixos-rebuild.

3. Match Error Pattern

Load appropriate reference based on error pattern:

Build errors → See references/build-failures.md

• Infinite recursion
• Attribute already defined
• Attribute missing / option doesn't exist
• Expecting lambda errors
• Hash mismatches

Activation errors → See references/activation-failures.md

• Systemd service failures
• Home Manager activation errors
• SOPS decryption failures
• File system errors
• User/group creation errors

Module/pattern issues → Load dendritic-pattern skill for architecture validation

Need commands? → See references/diagnostic-commands.md

Common Debug Patterns

Pattern: Infinite Recursion

Error: error: infinite recursion encountered

Most common causes:

• Circular module imports
• Conditional imports causing evaluation loops
• Module self-references

Diagnosis:

1. Find file in error stack trace
2. Check imports chain for circular dependencies
3. Load dendritic-pattern skill if architecture-related

Quick check:

# Find conditional imports
rg "imports.*mkIf|imports.*optional" modules/

# Check for circular imports
nix-instantiate --eval --strict --show-trace

Detailed guide: references/build-failures.md

---

Pattern: SOPS Secrets Won't Decrypt

Error: failed to get the data key required to decrypt the SOPS file

Quick diagnosis:

# 1. Check age key exists
ls -la /var/lib/sops-nix/key.txt

# 2. Verify key is in .sops.yaml
cat .sops.yaml | grep -A5 'age'

# 3. Test decryption manually
nix-shell -p sops --run "sops -d secrets/common.yaml"

Most common fix: Age key not in .sops.yaml yet

# Bootstrap age key into .sops.yaml
./scripts/bootstrap/bootstrap-age.sh

# Commit updated .sops.yaml
git add .sops.yaml && git commit -m "Add age key for hostname"

# Rebuild
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --flake .#hostname

Detailed guide: references/activation-failures.md

---

Pattern: Systemd Service Failed to Start

Error: Failed to start X.service

Quick diagnosis:

# Check service status and logs
systemctl status <service-name>
journalctl -u <service-name> -b

# View service configuration
systemctl cat <service-name>

Common causes:

• Missing dependencies (other services)
• Wrong user/group
• Permission errors on directories
• Binary not in PATH

Example fix (missing dependency):

systemd.services.myapp = {
  after = [ "network-online.target" ];
  wants = [ "network-online.target" ];
  requires = [ "postgresql.service" ];  # Add required service
};

Detailed guide: references/activation-failures.md

---

Pattern: Module Not Taking Effect

Symptom: Module file exists but configuration doesn't apply

Quick checks:

# 1. Is module in flake outputs?
nix flake show | grep mymodule

# 2. Does host import it?
nix eval .#nixosConfigurations.<hostname>.config.imports

# 3. Check module syntax
nix-instantiate --parse modules/mymodule.nix

Common issues:

• Module not imported by host configuration
• Syntax errors preventing module load
• Module in wrong location (not discovered by flake)
• Typo in module path

For architecture issues: Load dendritic-pattern skill

---

Pattern: Attribute Already Defined

Error: attribute 'X' already defined at Y

Common causes:

• Duplicate definitions in different files
• Missing lib.mkDefault for overridable values
• Using // instead of lib.mkMerge for config merging

Diagnosis:

# Find where attribute is defined
rg "attribute-name" modules/

# Check for shallow merge operators
rg "= .* // " modules/

# Check for missing mkDefault
rg "services\." modules/ | grep -v mkDefault

Quick fixes:

• Add lib.mkDefault to base value: services.port = lib.mkDefault 80;
• Use lib.mkMerge instead of //: config = lib.mkMerge [ base override ];
• Remove duplicate definition if unintentional

Detailed guide: references/build-failures.md

---

Systematic Debug Process

When facing an unfamiliar error, follow this process:

Step 1: Capture Full Error

# Recommended: Use nh for cleaner output
nh os switch --ask 2>&1 | tee error.log

# Or get complete error with trace
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --flake .#hostname --show-trace 2>&1 | tee error.log

Save the full output including:

• Error message
• File paths and line numbers
• Stack trace

Step 2: Classify Error Type

Evaluation errors (build-time):

• "infinite recursion"
• "attribute already defined"
• "attribute missing"
• "expecting lambda"
• "undefined variable"

Activation errors (runtime):

• "Failed to start"
• "failed to decrypt"
• "device not found"
• "Existing file conflicts"

Lint/check errors:

• Statix warnings
• Deadnix warnings
• Type errors

Step 3: Load Appropriate Reference

Based on classification:

• Build errors → references/build-failures.md
• Activation errors → references/activation-failures.md
• Need diagnostic commands → references/diagnostic-commands.md

Step 4: Match Pattern and Apply Fix

1. Search reference for error message pattern
2. Review example fixes
3. Apply fix to your configuration
4. Test rebuild

Step 5: Verify Fix

# Recommended: Rebuild with nh
nh os switch --ask

# Or rebuild with trace
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --flake .#hostname --show-trace

# If successful, verify functionality
systemctl status <affected-service>

# Check logs
journalctl -u <affected-service> -n 50

Step 6: Related Issues Check

After fixing primary error:

• Run lint: nix run .#lint
• Run flake check: nix flake check
• Check for architecture issues: Load dendritic-pattern skill if needed

Integration with Other Skills

For pattern validation: Load dendritic-pattern skill

• Validates module structure
• Checks import patterns
• Verifies aspect patterns

For cleanup after fixes: Load nix-cleanup skill

• Fixes lint errors
• Cleans up formatting
• Runs repository checks

For creating new modules: Load flake-module-creator skill

• Creates properly structured modules
• Follows dendritic pattern
• Includes correct boilerplate

Repository-Specific Context

SOPS Setup

• Age key auto-generated at /var/lib/sops-nix/key.txt on first build
• Must run ./scripts/bootstrap/bootstrap-age.sh to add key to .sops.yaml
• GPG key for manual editing (optional, from Bitwarden)

See docs/agents/sops-secrets.md for workflow.

Lint Infrastructure

• Run with: nix run .#lint
• Format with: nix run .#fmt
• Pre-commit hook auto-installed in dev shell

Build Tools

• nh (nix-helper): Available in this repo for cleaner rebuild output
  • nh os switch --ask - Interactive switch with confirmation
  • nh os build - Build without switching
  • nh os test - Test without making default
  • Provides better error messages and progress indication than nixos-rebuild

See docs/agents/linting-statix.md for details.

Safety Guidelines

• Present diagnosis before applying fixes
• Ask before modifying loader files (modules/flake-parts/)
• Never modify secrets or hardware-configuration.nix
• Test fixes incrementally (don't batch multiple changes)
• Keep rollback option available (previous generation)

Quick Reference: Error → Reference Mapping

Error Pattern	Reference File
Infinite recursion	build-failures.md
Attribute already defined	build-failures.md
Option does not exist	build-failures.md
Failed to start service	activation-failures.md
SOPS decryption failed	activation-failures.md
Home Manager conflicts	activation-failures.md
Need diagnostic commands	diagnostic-commands.md