cryptography

name	cryptography
description	Cryptography fundamentals and implementation
license	MIT
compatibility	opencode
metadata	{"audience":"developers","category":"security"}

What I do

• Explain cryptographic primitives and their uses
• Implement symmetric and asymmetric encryption
• Design secure key exchange protocols
• Implement hashing and digital signatures
• Choose appropriate algorithms for use cases

When to use me

When learning about cryptography or implementing cryptographic solutions.

Symmetric Encryption

AES Modes of Operation

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers import Cipher, algorithms, modes
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
import os

def aes_gcm_encrypt(plaintext: bytes, key: bytes) -> tuple:
    """AES-GCM provides both confidentiality and authenticity"""
    nonce = os.urandom(12)  # 96-bit nonce for GCM
    
    cipher = Cipher(
        algorithms.AES(key),
        modes.GCM(nonce),
        backend=default_backend()
    )
    encryptor = cipher.encryptor()
    ciphertext = encryptor.update(plaintext) + encryptor.finalize()
    
    return nonce, ciphertext, encryptor.tag

def aes_ctr_encrypt(plaintext: bytes, key: bytes) -> bytes:
    """AES-CTR turns block cipher into stream cipher"""
    nonce = os.urandom(16)
    
    cipher = Cipher(
        algorithms.AES(key),
        modes.CTR(nonce),
        backend=default_backend()
    )
    return cipher.encryptor().update(plaintext)

# Use cases:
# GCM - When you need authenticated encryption (most common)
# CTR - When you need random access (disk encryption)
# CBC - Legacy systems only (use GCM instead)

Asymmetric Encryption

RSA Encryption

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa, padding
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes

def generate_rsa_keypair():
    private_key = rsa.generate_private_key(
        public_exponent=65537,
        key_size=2048  # Minimum 2048 for security
    )
    public_key = private_key.public_key()
    return private_key, public_key

def rsa_encrypt(plaintext: bytes, public_key) -> bytes:
    return public_key.encrypt(
        plaintext,
        padding.OAEP(
            mgf=padding.MGF1(algorithm=hashes.SHA256()),
            algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
            label=None
        )
    )

def rsa_decrypt(ciphertext: bytes, private_key) -> bytes:
    return private_key.decrypt(
        ciphertext,
        padding.OAEP(
            mgf=padding.MGF1(algorithm=hashes.SHA256()),
            algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
            label=None
        )
    )

# Hybrid encryption (for large data)
def hybrid_encrypt(data: bytes, rsa_public_key):
    # Generate symmetric key for data
    symmetric_key = os.urandom(32)
    
    # Encrypt data with symmetric key
    nonce, ciphertext, tag = aes_gcm_encrypt(data, symmetric_key)
    
    # Encrypt symmetric key with RSA
    encrypted_key = rsa_encrypt(symmetric_key, rsa_public_key)
    
    return encrypted_key, nonce, ciphertext, tag

Elliptic Curve Cryptography

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ec

def generate_ec_keypair():
    private_key = ec.generate_private_key(ec.SECP256R1())
    return private_key, private_key.public_key()

def ecdsa_sign(message: bytes, private_key):
    return private_key.sign(
        message,
        ec.ECDSA(hashes.SHA256())
    )

def ecdsa_verify(message: bytes, signature: bytes, public_key):
    try:
        public_key.verify(signature, message, ec.ECDSA(hashes.SHA256()))
        return True
    except:
        return False

# EC is preferred over RSA for new systems
# Same security with smaller keys and faster operations

Hashing

Choosing Hash Functions

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
import hashlib

def secure_hash(data: bytes) -> str:
    """Use SHA-256 for general hashing"""
    return hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest()

def blake2_hash(data: bytes) -> str:
    """BLAKE2 is faster than SHA-256 and equally secure"""
    return hashlib.blake2b(data).hexdigest()

# NEVER use for passwords:
# - MD5 (broken)
# - SHA-1 (broken)
# - SHA-256 (not designed for passwords)

# Use for passwords:
# - bcrypt
# - scrypt
# - Argon2

def argon2_hash(password: str) -> str:
    import argon2
    ph = argon2.PasswordHasher(
        time_cost=3,
        memory_cost=65536,
        parallelism=4,
        hash_len=32,
        salt_len=16
    )
    return ph.hash(password)

def verify_argon2(password: str, hash: str) -> bool:
    ph = argon2.PasswordHasher()
    try:
        ph.verify(hash, password)
        return 
    :
         

Key Exchange

Diffie-Hellman

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import dh
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization

def generate_dh_parameters():
    # Use standardized parameters
    return dh.generate_parameters(generator=2, key_size=2048)

def dh_key_exchange(paramters):
    private_key = paramtes.generate_private_key()
    public_key = private_key.public_key()
    
    # Share public_key with other party
    # Other party does the same
    # Both derive same shared secret
    
    return private_key, public_key

def derive_shared_key(my_private_key, their_public_key):
    shared_key = my_private_key.exchange(their_public_key)
    # Derive symmetric key from shared secret
    return hashlib.sha256(shared_key).digest()

Digital Signatures

# ECDSA (recommended)
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ec
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes

private_key = ec.generate_private_key(ec.SECP256R1())
signature = private_key.sign(
    b"message",
    ec.ECDSA(hashes.SHA256())
)

# Verify
public_key = private_key.public_key()
public_key.verify(signature, b"message", ec.ECDSA(hashes.SHA256()))

# Ed25519 (modern, recommended)
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ed25519

private_key = ed25519.Ed25519PrivateKey.generate()
signature = private_key.sign(b"message")
public_key = private_key.public_key()
public_key.verify(signature, b"message")

Random Number Generation

import secrets
import os

# Cryptographically secure random
random_bytes = secrets.token_bytes(32)  # For keys
random_int = secrets.randbelow(1000000)  # For numbers

# System CSPRNG (used by secrets)
system_random = os.urandom(32)

# NEVER use:
# - random module (not secure)
# - Mersenne Twister (predictable)
# - time-based seeds