memory-forensics-volatility

# SKILL: Memory Forensics — Expert Analysis Playbook > **AI LOAD INSTRUCTION**: Expert memory forensics techniques using Volatility 2 and 3. Covers memory acquisition, OS identification, process analysis (hidden process detection), network connections, DLL/module analysis, code injection detection (malfind), credential extraction, file carving, registry analysis, and timeline generation. Base models miss the Vol2/Vol3 command differences, malware indicator patterns, and Linux-specific memory analysis. ## 0. RELATED ROUTING Before going deep, consider loading: - [traffic-analysis-pcap](../hack-traffic-analysis-pcap/SKILL.md) for correlating network artifacts with memory findings - [steganography-techniques](../hack-steganography-techniques/SKILL.md) if hidden data suspected in extracted files - [windows-privilege-escalation](https://github.com/xiaoyang-xyc/blackbox/blob/main/hack-windows-privilege-escalation/SKILL.md) for understanding post-exploitation artifacts in memory ### Quick Reference Also load [VOLATILITY_CHEATSHEET.md](./VOLATILITY_CHEATSHEET.md) when you need: - Vol2 vs Vol3 command comparison table - Common plugin sequences for specific investigation types --- ## 1. MEMORY ACQUISITION ### Linux ```bash # LiME (Linux Memory Extractor) — kernel module insmod lime.ko "path=/tmp/mem.lime format=lime" # /proc/kcore (if available) dd if=/proc/kcore of=/tmp/mem.raw bs=1M # AVML (Microsoft's open-source) ./avml /tmp/mem.lime ``` ### Windows ```bash # WinPmem winpmem_mini_x64.exe memdump.raw # FTK Imager (GUI) — capture memory to file # DumpIt (single-click memory dump) DumpIt.exe # Comae (MagnetRAM) MagnetRAMCapture.exe /output memdump.raw ``` ### Virtual Machines ```bash # VMware: .vmem file in VM directory (suspend VM first) # VirtualBox: VBoxManage debugvm "VM_NAME" dumpvmcore --filename mem.raw # KVM/QEMU: virsh dump DOMAIN memdump --memory-only # Hyper-V: checkpoint VM → inspect .bin files ``` --- ## 2. VOLATILITY 2 vs 3 | Concept | Volatility 2 | Volatility 3 | |---|---|---| | Profile system | `--profile=Win10x64_19041` | Auto-detected (symbol tables) | | Image info | `imageinfo` | `windows.info` / `linux.info` | | Process list | `pslist` | `windows.pslist` | | Network | `netscan` / `connections` | `windows.netscan` / `windows.netstat` | | DLLs | `dlllist` | `windows.dlllist` | | Injection | `malfind` | `windows.malfind` | | Hashes | `hashdump` | `windows.hashdump` | | Files | `filescan` | `windows.filescan` | | Registry | `hivelist` / `printkey` | `windows.registry.hivelist` / `windows.registry.printkey` | | Install | `pip2 install volatility` | `pip3 install volatility3` | --- ## 3. ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY ### Step 1: Identify OS ```bash # Vol2 vol.py -f mem.raw imageinfo vol.py -f mem.raw kdbgscan # Vol3 vol -f mem.raw windows.info vol -f mem.raw banners.Banners ``` ### Step 2: Process Listing — Hidden Process Detection ```bash # Vol2 vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE pslist # EPROCESS linked list vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE psscan # pool tag scan (finds unlinked) vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE pstree # parent-child hierarchy # Vol3 vol -f mem.raw windows.pslist vol -f mem.raw windows.psscan vol -f mem.raw windows.pstree ``` **Red flags**: Process in `psscan` but not `pslist` = DKOM (Direct Kernel Object Manipulation) hiding. ### Step 3: Network Connections ```bash # Vol2 vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE netscan # TCP/UDP endpoints vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE connections # XP/2003 only vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE connscan # closed connections # Vol3 vol -f mem.raw windows.netscan vol -f mem.raw windows.netstat ``` ### Step 4: DLL / Module Analysis ```bash # Vol2 vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE dlllist -p PID vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE ldrmodules -p PID # find unlinked DLLs # Vol3 vol -f mem.raw windows.dlllist --pid PID ``` **Red flags**: DLL in `dlllist` but `False` in all three `ldrmodules` columns = reflective DLL injection. ### Step 5: Code Injection Detection (Malfind) ```bash # Vol2 vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE malfind -p PID vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE malfind -D /tmp/dump/ # dump injected sections # Vol3 vol -f mem.raw windows.malfind --pid PID ``` **What malfind detects**: Memory regions with `PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE` that don't map to a file on disk — classic shellcode/injection indicator. ### Step 6: Credential Extraction ```bash # Vol2 vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE hashdump # SAM hashes vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE lsadump # LSA secrets vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE cachedump # domain cached creds vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE mimikatz # (plugin) plaintext creds # Vol3 vol -f mem.raw windows.hashdump vol -f mem.raw windows.lsadump vol -f mem.raw windows.cachedump ``` ### Step 7: File Extraction ```bash # Vol2 vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE filescan | grep -i "password\|secret\|flag" vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE dumpfiles -Q OFFSET -D /tmp/dump/ # Vol3 vol -f mem.raw windows.filescan vol -f mem.raw windows.dumpfiles --virtaddr OFFSET ``` ### Step 8: Registry Analysis ```bash # Vol2 vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE hivelist vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE printkey -K "Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run" vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE userassist # program execution evidence # Vol3 vol -f mem.raw windows.registry.hivelist vol -f mem.raw windows.registry.printkey --key "Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run" ``` ### Step 9: Command History ```bash # Vol2 vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE cmdscan # cmd.exe history vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE consoles # full console output # Vol3 vol -f mem.raw windows.cmdline ``` ### Step 10: Timeline Generation ```bash # Vol2 vol.py -f mem.raw --profile=PROFILE timeliner --output=body --output-file=timeline.body mactime -b timeline.body -d > timeline.csv # Vol3 vol -f mem.raw timeliner.Timeliner ``` --- ## 4. LINUX MEMORY ANALYSIS ```bash # Vol2 (requires Linux profile) vol.py -f mem.lime --profile=LinuxProfile linux_pslist vol.py -f mem.lime --profile=LinuxProfile linux_pstree vol.py -f mem.lime --profile=LinuxProfile linux_netstat vol.py -f mem.lime --profile=LinuxProfile linux_bash # bash history vol.py -f mem.lime --profile=LinuxProfile linux_enumerate_files vol.py -f mem.lime --profile=LinuxProfile linux_proc_maps -p PID vol.py -f mem.lime --profile=LinuxProfile linux_malfind # Vol3 vol -f mem.lime linux.pslist vol -f mem.lime linux.pstree vol -f mem.lime linux.bash vol -f mem.lime linux.check_afinfo # rootkit detection vol -f mem.lime linux.check_syscall # syscall hooking vol -f mem.lime linux.tty_check # TTY hooking ``` ### Building Linux Profiles (Vol2) ```bash cd volatility/tools/linux make # Creates module.dwarf + System.map → zip as profile zip LinuxProfile.zip module.dwarf /boot/System.map-$(uname -r) # Place in volatility/plugins/overlays/linux/ ``` --- ## 5. MALWARE INDICATORS IN MEMORY | Indicator | Detection Method | What It Means | |---|---|---| | Process in psscan but not pslist | Compare pslist vs psscan | DKOM — process hiding | | Unexpected parent-child | pstree analysis | e.g., svchost spawned by cmd.exe | | MZ header in non-image memory | malfind | Reflective DLL / PE injection | | RWX memory without backing file | malfind | Shellcode injection | | DLL unlinked from all PEB lists | ldrmodules (all False) | Stealth DLL loading | | svchost.exe not child of services.exe | pstree | Fake svchost (malware) | | Unusual network connections | netscan + PID correlation | C2 communication | | Hooking in SSDT/IDT | ssdt / idt plugins | Rootkit | | Modified kernel objects | linux_check_syscall | Linux rootkit | ### Normal Parent-Child Relationships (Windows) ``` System (4) └── smss.exe └── csrss.exe └── wininit.exe └── services.exe └── svchost.exe (multiple) └── spoolsv.exe └── lsass.exe └── winlogon.exe └── explorer.exe └── user applications ``` --- ## 6. DECISION TREE ``` Memory dump acquired — need to analyze │ ├── What OS? │ ├── Windows → vol imageinfo / windows.info (§3 Step 1) │ └── Linux → build profile or use Vol3 auto-detect (§4) │ ├── Malware investigation? │ ├── Check processes: pslist vs psscan (hidden?) (§3 Step 2) │ ├── Check parent-child: pstree (suspicious spawning?) (§5) │ ├── Check injections: malfind (RWX memory?) (§3 Step 5) │ ├── Check DLLs: ldrmodules (unlinked?) (§3 Step 4) │ ├── Check network: netscan (C2 connections?) (§3 Step 3) │ └── Extract suspicious files: dumpfiles (§3 Step 7) │ ├── Credential recovery? │ ├── SAM hashes → hashdump (§3 Step 6) │ ├── LSA secrets → lsadump (§3 Step 6) │ ├── Cached domain creds → cachedump (§3 Step 6) │ └── Plaintext passwords → mimikatz plugin (§3 Step 6) │ ├── Incident timeline? │ ├── timeliner for comprehensive timeline (§3 Step 10) │ ├── cmdscan / consoles for command history (§3 Step 9) │ ├── userassist for program execution (§3 Step 8) │ └── Cross-reference with PCAP timeline (→ traffic-analysis-pcap) │ ├── CTF / flag hunting? │ ├── filescan + grep for flag patterns (§3 Step 7) │ ├── cmdscan for typed flags/passwords (§3 Step 9) │ ├── Clipboard: clipboard plugin │ ├── Screenshots: screenshot plugin │ └── Environment vars: envars plugin │ └── Linux-specific? ├── linux_bash for shell history (§4) ├── linux_check_syscall for rootkit (§4) └── linux_netstat for connections (§4) ```