analyzing-fx-derivatives

name	analyzing-fx-derivatives
description	Structures FX option and forward pricing with cross-currency basis analysis and volatility assessment. Use when pricing FX derivatives, analyzing currency options, or evaluating cross-currency basis.
tags	["analysis","quantitative-finance"]
metadata	{"author":"casemark","practice_areas":["Derivatives","Quantitative Analysis","Structured Products"],"document_types":["Analysis Report"],"skill_modes":["Analysis"]}

Analyzing FX Derivatives

Structures FX option and forward pricing with cross-currency basis analysis and volatility assessment.

When To Use

• Pricing vanilla or exotic FX options (European, American, barrier, digital, quanto)
• Calculating FX forward points and outright forward rates from spot and interest rate differentials
• Analyzing cross-currency basis spreads and their impact on hedging costs
• Evaluating implied volatility surfaces for currency pairs (smile, skew, term structure)
• Assessing hedging strategies for FX exposure using options or forwards
• Structuring FX-linked notes, dual-currency deposits, or PRDCs

Inputs To Gather

• Currency pair(s): Specify base/quote convention (e.g., EUR/USD, USD/JPY) and confirm market convention for quoting
• Spot rate: Current mid-market spot and bid/ask spread
• Interest rate curves: Deposit rates or OIS curves for both currencies across relevant tenors
• Volatility data: ATM vols, 25-delta and 10-delta risk reversals and butterflies for relevant tenors
• Cross-currency basis: Basis swap spreads for the currency pair at target tenors
• Trade parameters: Notional, tenor, strike(s), barrier levels, settlement convention (cash vs. physical), premium currency
• Market date and cut time: Valuation date, expiry convention (NY cut, Tokyo cut), and delivery convention [VERIFY]

Workflow

1. Establish forward curve

   • Derive forward points from spot rate and interest rate differential for each tenor
   • Apply cross-currency basis adjustment: the basis spread modifies the synthetic funding cost, shifting forward points from covered interest rate parity
   • Confirm forward points align with market quotes; flag discrepancies exceeding 0.5 pips

2. Construct volatility surface

   • Map ATM volatilities across the term structure (1W through 2Y minimum)
   • Convert risk reversal and butterfly quotes into individual delta-strike volatilities (25D call, 25D put, 10D call, 10D put)
   • Interpolate between tenors using flat forward variance or SABR parameterization
   • Check for calendar spread arbitrage (variance must be non-decreasing in time) and butterfly arbitrage (call spreads must be non-negative)

3. Price the derivative

   • Vanilla options: Use Garman-Kohlhagen (Black-Scholes adapted for FX with domestic/foreign rate inputs); confirm premium quotation convention (% of domestic, % of foreign, or pips) [VERIFY]
   • Barrier options: Apply analytical formulas where available (single-barrier with continuous monitoring); for discrete barriers, adjust using Broadie-Glasserman correction or Monte Carlo
   • Forwards/NDFs: Calculate outright from spot + forward points; for NDFs, confirm fixing source and settlement currency [VERIFY]
   • Structured products: Decompose into component vanilla/barrier options and forwards; price each leg and aggregate

4. Analyze cross-currency basis impact

   • Quantify how the basis spread affects all-in hedging cost vs. uncollateralized forward
   • Compare CSA-discounted vs. non-CSA pricing for collateralized trades
   • Assess basis directionality: negative basis in EUR/USD or JPY/USD widens USD funding advantage
   • For multi-year structures, show basis term structure sensitivity (DV01-equivalent per tenor bucket)

5. Run risk sensitivities

   • Delta and gamma (spot sensitivity)
   • Vega across tenors (parallel and bucketed)
   • Rho for both domestic and foreign rates
   • Theta (time decay)
   • For barriers: pin risk near barrier, gap risk for discrete monitoring
   • Cross-gamma between spot and vol (vanna), vol-of-vol sensitivity (volga)

6. Evaluate hedging strategy

Output

• Pricing summary table: Instrument type, notional, strike, premium (in multiple conventions), break-even rate, and max loss
• Forward curve: Table of spot, forward points, outright forwards, and basis-adjusted forwards per tenor
• Volatility surface snapshot: ATM, 25D RR, 25D BF, and derived strike vols per tenor
• Greeks dashboard: Delta, gamma, vega, theta, rho for each leg and net position
• Basis impact analysis: Cost comparison of hedging with and without basis adjustment
• Scenario analysis: P&L under 2-3 stress scenarios (spot shock, vol shock, basis widening)
• Recommendations: Preferred structure with rationale, noting trade-offs between cost, protection level, and complexity

Quality Checks

• Verify put-call parity holds for all quoted option pairs (synthetic forward from call minus put equals market forward)
• Confirm forward points are consistent with interest rate differential and basis; any residual should be explainable by bid/ask or day-count conventions [VERIFY day-count conventions: ACT/360 vs. ACT/365 varies by currency]
• Validate that volatility surface is arbitrage-free (no negative butterfly spreads, no calendar spread violations)
• Cross-check Garman-Kohlhagen inputs: ensure domestic rate = rate of premium currency and foreign rate = rate of underlying currency — a common source of mispricing
• Confirm settlement and delivery conventions match market standard for the pair [VERIFY: T+2 is standard for most G10, but USD/CAD is T+1, and some EM pairs have non-standard settlement]
• Ensure notional and premium currency are consistent throughout; flag any mismatch between trade economics and risk reports
• For structured products, verify that component prices sum correctly and that knock-in/knock-out conditions are mutually consistent