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Comprehensive TDS (Tabular Data Stream) protocol reference for implementing MSSQL clients and servers. Covers packet framing, message types, token streams, data types, login, prelogin, SQL batch, RPC, transactions, error handling, and wire format details. Use when implementing TDS protocol handling, debugging wire-level issues, or understanding MSSQL communication.
TDS Protocol Reference
Complete reference for the Tabular Data Stream (TDS) protocol used by Microsoft SQL Server. Based on the MS-TDS open specification and SQL Server documentation.
The live differential packet/token trace records an open ORDER-token gap for
ordered result sets; see
todo/order-token-fidelity.md.
Notes discovered implementing
mssqlite implements the full-session TDS 7.x encryption matrix, not
login-only encryption. TLS handshake records remain PRELOGIN-wrapped until
the final server record has drained; Node's server-side secure event can
fire just before that write, so switching to raw records in the event handler
loses the client at the framing boundary.
MARS is negotiated only when the client requests PRELOGIN MARS=1. LOGIN7 and
its response remain ordinary TDS; SMP begins with client SYN afterward.
SMP's 16-byte header is entirely little-endian after signature 0x53; the
first DATA sequence is 1, SYN is 0, and FIN reuses the last DATA sequence.
Each DATA frame carries exactly one complete TDS packet. The server starts
with four-packet credit, advertises receiveSequence + 4, acknowledges near
the window edge, rejects backward windows/out-of-order DATA, and schedules
eligible response packets round-robin across SIDs.
Password authentication is applied only after full LOGIN7 decode and before
session/database allocation. Required TLS protects the descrambled secret;
uniform 18456/state 1 failures close the connection after ERROR + DONE_ERROR.
Bulk load packet type 7 is selected for fragment streaming in Message.push:
complete packets bypass whole-message reassembly, while BulkLoad.push
retains at most one incomplete token (capped at 16 MiB), emits complete rows,
rejects NBCROW and hostile lengths, and requires a final DONE exactly at EOM
by default. Server compatibility mode accepts FreeTDS/freebcp's observed
row-boundary EOM without a client DONE; incomplete rows still fail.
An IGNORE-terminated request receives a normal completion because clients
canceling before message completion do not necessarily send Attention.
Attention after request EOM is a distinct path. Finish/discard the active
request response first, then send the acknowledgement as a separate tabular
response containing exactly FD 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
(DONE + DONE_ATTN, command/count zero). tedious is already reading the
original response when it enters SentAttention and waits for the next message;
combining the acknowledgement with the original response causes its cancel
timer to expire.
RPC OptionFlags is 2 bytes (USHORT). The example 4.8 prose lists a
single 00 byte, but the packet length arithmetic (47 total) only
works with two flag bytes.
The COLMETADATA example labels flags 0x0020 as "Nullable"; per the
flag table 0x0020 is fComputed and nullable is bit 0 — trust the
bit table, clients don't validate these strictly.
tedious addresses sp_executesql by name, not ProcID — servers
must accept both forms.
NameLenProcID
RPC parameter TYPE_INFO must survive decoding as the engine variable's
declared T-SQL type. Using only the decoded JS value loses data-type
precedence (for example VarChar '2' compared with Int 2) and can silently
inherit SQLite's mixed-storage-class comparison.
Clients tolerate a missing FEATUREEXTACK even when Login7 carried
FeatureExt options.
money is genuinely split high-int32-then-low-uint32 — not a plain
little-endian int64 (see §14).
Time-only strings need parsing support in date/time codecs — time(n)
values have no date part; MSSQL treats the implied date as 1900-01-01.
DATETIMEOFFSETN carries UTC time/date followed by the original signed offset,
not local time/date. Its 3/4/5-byte time rounds at the TYPE_INFO scale with
date carry; decoding shifts UTC back to local for the canonical string.
Keep all 100ns digits and validate local and UTC years without JS Date.
DECIMAL/NUMERIC values cross the engine/TDS boundary as canonical
fixed-scale strings. decimal.ts rounds to the TYPE_INFO scale, validates
the declared precision before encoding, then emits the sign byte followed
by little-endian unsigned magnitude; decode returns a string, never Number.
DONE_COUNT is status bit 0x0010. With NOCOUNT OFF, DONE/DONEINPROC carry
that bit and the uint64 affected-row value; with NOCOUNT ON, the bit is clear
and the field is zero. The token itself, MORE/FINAL and ERROR state, and final
DONEPROC remain present. Visibility is captured per statement rather than
inferred from the session after the batch finishes.
Character TYPE_INFO collation bytes are derived from catalog names through
Collation.ofName: LCID 0x0409, sensitivity flags for ignore-case/accent,
version 2 for Latin1_General_100, sort id 52 for linguistic collations, and
Binary2 flag/sort-id 0 for BIN2. The login ENVCHANGE remains the default
SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS bytes.
Fixed-width result metadata uses BIGCHAR (0xAF) and NCHAR (0xEF), distinct
from BIGVARCHAR (0xA7) and NVARCHAR (0xE7). Unicode TYPE_INFO lengths are
encoded in bytes, so nchar(n)/nvarchar(n) advertise 2n while values retain
their character width.
Proven non-null tinyint, smallint, int, and bigint result columns use fixed
INT1/INT2/INT4/INT8 TYPE_INFO with no metadata or row-value length prefix.
Nullable results continue to use width-specific INTN.
FOR XML text mode uses the magic result-column name with NVARCHAR(MAX)
TYPE_INFO and PLP values. FOR XML TYPE uses the unnamed XML TYPE_INFO and
XML PLP codec. Both paths stream values beyond 8 KiB through ordinary
COLMETADATA/ROW framing.
