project-writing-collectors

name	project-writing-collectors
description	Best practices and orientation for AI assistants authoring or modifying Netdata data-collection plugins or modules in any language. Read before adding a new collector, modifying an existing one, working on logs, topology, NetFlow/sFlow/IPFIX, OTEL ingestion, SNMP profiles, statsd, Prometheus scraping, or interactive Functions. Covers the mental model, framework-agnostic best practices, dashboard-shaping mechanisms (NIDL, SNMP profiles, statsd synthetic_charts, OTEL mappings, Prometheus exposition), production quality criteria, the plugin landscape, per-data-type patterns (metrics, logs, snapshots, topology, enrichment), per-domain common practices, and a pre-PR self-check.
type	project

Writing Netdata data collection plugins and modules

What this skill is

You are about to add or modify data collection in the Netdata Agent. This skill is a manifesto and a routing map. It tells you the mindset to apply, the principles you cannot violate, the ways the dashboard gets shaped from upstream data, the quality bar that separates a draft from a shippable collector, and where to look for depth. It is not a tutorial — the deep references already exist in the repo. Your job is to know they exist, pick the right one, and produce work that blends with the patterns the maintainers already accept.

The skill is organized as: AI fast path → mental model → best practices → dashboard shaping → quality bar → environment reference → applied per data type → applied per domain. For go.d work, follow the fast path first; for other collector families, read top to bottom on your first pass and come back to specific sections as the task narrows.

AI Fast Path

For implementation agents, route to the concrete workflow first and use the rest of this skill as background:

• New go.d collector: read src/go/AGENTS.md, then src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/how-to-write-a-collector.md, .agents/skills/project-writing-go-modules-framework-v2/SKILL.md, and .agents/skills/integrations-lifecycle/recipes/add-go-collector.md.
• Existing go.d collector update: read src/go/AGENTS.md, the collector's local files, .agents/skills/integrations-lifecycle/consistency.md, and .agents/skills/integrations-lifecycle/recipes/update-collector.md.
• V1-to-V2 migration: read src/go/AGENTS.md, src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/migrate-v1-to-v2.md, and the V2 skill before changing code.
• Framework or shared-helper change: stop and satisfy src/go/plugin/framework/docs/changing-framework-code.md before writing code.

Do not use this broad skill as the only implementation guide for go.d work.

1. Mental model

How to think about Netdata data collection. Internalize this before designing anything.

1.1 Frequent collection at scale

The Agent ships on >1.5M new daily installs across physical servers, VMs, containers, IoT devices, embedded systems, and exotic Unixes. Default collection is 1-second; many collectors raise it (ping 5s, SNMP 10s) when the source warrants it. Anything you do inside the collection cycle — allocate, log, reconnect, retry, parse, format — is multiplied by that population. Hot-path discipline is the entry ticket, not an optimization.

1.2 Metric structure is dashboard UX

How dimensions group into charts and how labels attach to instances is the dashboard the user sees. Mirroring upstream data structures one-to-one produces a chart per metric, which is unusable. NIDL — Nodes, Instances, Dimensions, Labels — is the model. Every dashboard-shaping mechanism (§3) feeds into it.

1.3 IDs are public contracts

Chart context, chart IDs, dimension IDs, instance labels — once shipped, they bind health alerts, dashboards, exports, anomaly detection, ML jobs, streaming consumers, and Netdata Cloud. Renaming silently breaks all of them. Treat them as permanent.

1.4 Gaps are data

When you cannot measure a value this iteration, emit nothing for that dimension. The dashboard renders the gap; the user knows collection is broken. Defaulting to 0 fabricates a working state and hides the bug. Past pain in src/collectors/proc.plugin/proc_net_dev.c (search shouldn't use 0 value, but NULL).

1.5 Obsolete what's gone

When the collector knows an entity has gone away — a process exited, a container was removed, a profile target was dropped, a network interface disappeared, a managed device went offline — mark its chart obsolete. The dashboard then renders it as historical, not as actively collected; alerts stop binding to it; streaming and ML stop costing for it.

This is a truthfulness principle, not a cardinality one. It applies at any cardinality, including a single instance. Without obsoletion, the chart looks alive on the dashboard, alerts may continue evaluating against frozen data, and the user is misled about what is and isn't being collected.

Mechanics:

• C: rrdset_is_obsolete___safe_from_collector_thread() in src/database/rrdset.c:116 flags RRDSET_FLAG_OBSOLETE. Reverse with rrdset_isnot_obsolete() (line 140) when the entity reappears.
• go.d V1: c.Obsolete = true or MarkRemove() on the chart marks it obsolete. go.d V2: chart lifetime is controlled by charts.yaml lifecycle policy and chartengine; start from src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/how-to-write-a-collector.md for new collectors and src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/migrate-v1-to-v2.md for migrations.
• Anti-flip-flop: if an entity may disappear and reappear quickly, wait roughly 1 minute of absence before obsoleting. Thrashing charts hurt streaming and ML.

1.6 Your knowledge is stale — research the current spec

Specs, vendor protocols, RFCs, and SDK behavior move. Before you design a collector or interpret a payload:

• Read the current spec from the official source (RFC, vendor portal, SDK docs).
• For application/database/protocol collectors, read the current application's release notes — fields, defaults, and semantics shift between versions.
• Do not trust your prior-knowledge interpretation of a binary format, OID semantics, or HTTP/JSON shape. Verify against an authoritative document or live behavior.

Prior-knowledge mistakes that recur: confused field names in NetFlow v5 vs v9 vs IPFIX, wrong endianness on a vendor MIB, outdated PostgreSQL pg_stat_* columns, deprecated Kubernetes API resources.

1.7 When the spec is ambiguous, look at how others solved it

Specs leave many decisions implementation-defined. Vendor implementations bend specs in well-known ways. When you face an interpretation dilemma:

• Read 2–3 popular open-source monitoring tools that already collect this data — Prometheus exporters, Zabbix templates, Datadog Agent integrations, ntopng (network protocols), librenms / OpenNMS / Akvorado (SNMP and flow), collectd (system data), pmacct / nfdump (flow protocols).
• Compare their parsers, field interpretation, and edge-case handling.
• Their code encodes real-world device quirks the spec doesn't document.
• Cross-check against the upstream protocol's reference implementation when one exists.

This is how you avoid shipping a parser that fails on the first real device. If you have a local mirror of monitoring projects, use it; otherwise clone the relevant upstreams to /tmp/ and read their source.

1.8 Mirror an existing Netdata collector

The repo holds many go.d modules and internal C plugins. Maintainer patterns live there, not in any prose doc. After you've reality-checked the upstream protocol, pick the closest existing Netdata collector by domain and mirror its structure. New go.d modules MUST use framework V2 and start from the current V2 authoring guide — see §5.3.

1.9 Remote-monitored systems are vnodes

When one collector talks to N targets (SNMP devices, remote DBs, cloud APIs, IPMI hosts, vCenter clusters), each target is a vnode so its metrics, alerts, and RBAC behave as if it were a separate node in Netdata Cloud. Every remote-target collector wires vnodes from the start.

For Go v2 collectors that route one job's samples to multiple virtual nodes, use first-class metrix.HostScope rather than adding vnode identity as normal metric labels. Write per-resource metrics through scoped meters or vecs such as meter.WithHostScope(scope), and leave metrics unscoped when they should follow the default job vnode or global host path. Scope keys must be stable for the virtual node identity; unbounded scope cardinality has the same operational cost profile as unbounded chart/cardinality growth.

1.10 Cardinality discipline

• A chart with thousands of dimensions, or an instance list with thousands of entries, is unusable on the dashboard. The user cannot read it.
• A collector that emits potentially thousands of instances per monitored application is operationally wasteful — the data carries no insight. It pollutes streaming, ML, alerts, and queries for no benefit.
• A series is paid for across multiple subsystems: dbengine storage, agent memory, streaming bandwidth (per hop, including Netdata Cloud), ML training (one model per series), alert evaluation, dashboard render. None of these costs is large in isolation; together they justify ending up with what the user actually wants to see.

Design for usefulness, not raw count. Bound cardinality (§2.5), and never ship "one chart per request / per PID / per ephemeral connection" without bounds.

1.11 Layered configuration

Per-job source priority: stock < discovered < user < dyncfg, matched by job identity. A higher-priority source replaces a lower-priority job with the same identity; non-colliding jobs continue to load. IaC users configure via files in /etc/netdata; dashboard users configure via DYNCFG; both paths must work for the same collector.

2. Best practices

Framework-agnostic, ordered by impact.

2.0 Mandatory clean end state and scope discipline

You MUST aim for the clean end state, not the smallest diff. While implementing, keep checking whether the design still looks like the structure maintainers should want after the work is complete.

At each coherent batch, you MUST check for scope drift. If the work exposes an independent collector cleanup, framework change, docs correction, or migration, either defer it explicitly or submit it as its own step before continuing.

2.1 Test against reality

Source test data based on what you're collecting:

• Open-source / freely available applications (MySQL, PostgreSQL, NGINX, Redis, MongoDB, RabbitMQ): run the actual application locally (Docker, native install). Validate against real output. Cover multiple versions when defaults diverge.
• Closed-source / vendor / SaaS (vendor switches, IBM workloads, cloud APIs, hypervisors): harvest fixtures from other open-source monitoring projects — Prometheus exporters, Zabbix templates, Datadog Agent integrations, vendor SDK samples, anonymized traces in vendor PRs/issues. Their fixtures are the most complete "real-world" dataset publicly available.
• Hardware-dependent (network gear, IPMI, PCIe sensors): capture pcaps from real devices when accessible; otherwise vendor SDK samples, public packet captures, fixtures from pmacct / nfdump / ntopng (for flow protocols).
• Protocol parsing (NetFlow / sFlow / IPFIX / OTEL / SNMP): vendor SDK samples, public dumps, fuzz-test corpora. NetFlow keeps fixtures under src/crates/netflow-plugin/testdata/flows/ with sourcing recorded in testdata/ATTRIBUTION.md — do the same for any new fixtures with redistribution-sensitive provenance.

Don't fabricate test data the parser passes by accident. Don't skip tests "because this protocol can't be tested locally" — that's exactly when fixtures matter most. Standard go.d test-function names: Test_testDataIsValid, TestCollector_ConfigurationSerialize, TestCollector_Init, TestCollector_Check, TestCollector_Collect — match the convention in adjacent collectors. Functions get a dedicated validator at src/go/tools/functions-validation/ (E2E plus schema checks).

For Go tests, prefer table-driven tests using map[string]struct{} keyed by test-case name when cases share setup and assertion shape. Use separate test functions only when setup or assertions are materially different. Prefer map keys over a name field in []struct{} so case names stay prominent and order-independent.

2.2 Hot-path discipline

Collect() runs every update_every seconds. It MUST:

• Allocate buffers, maps, slices, parsed regexes, matchers, and metric instruments once at Init() / New() and reuse them. Reset at the top of Collect() only when needed; see cato_networks/metrix.go for the typed V2 metric-instrument pattern.
• Hold persistent connections; reconnect only on failure with backoff.
• Cache anything stable between iterations: schema, capabilities, profile selections.
• Finish well under one cycle even on a slow target.

Anti-pattern (search and avoid): mx := make(map[string]int64) per Collect() (e.g., src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/ap/collect.go). Don't allocate fresh structures per cycle. Don't reconnect every cycle.

2.3 Error handling

Every error log answers three questions: what operation, what target, what was expected vs observed. Wrap errors with context (Go: fmt.Errorf("...: %w", err)); preserve the cause; check return codes from system calls and library functions.

Don't return a bare err with no context. Don't log "failed". Don't ignore syscall returns or library NULLs.

2.4 Logging discipline

• debug inside the collection loop.
• warn or error once per known-recoverable condition, gated by an internal flag — never per cycle.
• info / notice for once-at-startup events.
• Reserve error severity for operator-actionable issues; transient conditions are warn.

Past pain: an ebpf.plugin regression flooded logs because the collection loop logged every PID allocation. Per-cycle logs are forbidden.

2.5 Cardinality bounding

When a collector emits one chart per discovered entity (process, connection, profile target, container, schema, queue, route), bound the count and let the operator scope it. (Obsoletion of entities the collector knows have gone is a separate concern — see §1.5.)

max_* is REQUIRED for entities that may grow without bounds. Without a cap, a single misbehaving target (a runaway log rotator, a container churn loop, a vendor-specific deep table) can produce thousands of charts.

max_* MUST be coupled with selectors. A cap alone silently truncates whatever happens to land in the first N entries — the operator has no say in which entities survive. A selector lets the operator pick what's actually important. Cap and selector together: cap protects the system, selector lets the operator drive.

Where to filter — depends on what the monitored application exposes:

• Application exposes all instances with no upstream filter. The collector caps at max_* and adds an aggregated "Other" chart that sums whatever was capped. Don't silently drop — totals must remain truthful even when individual instances are hidden.
• Application supports upstream cherry-picking (e.g. specifying which schemas / databases / queues to monitor at connection time). Push the operator's selector into the application call. Less wire data, less collector work, narrower blast radius if the operator narrows the scope.
• Application provides aggregations or grouping keys (totals, group-by-kind, group-by-type, group-by-class). Expose those aggregations as additional charts; let the operator choose which grouping keys to surface. Aggregations are bounded-cardinality views that survive any selector cut and are usually what dashboards actually want — per-instance detail is a drill-down case, not the default.

Anti-patterns:

• One chart per HTTP route × method × status code → N×M×K series per service.
• Histogram / percentile splits with high-cardinality labels (per-IP, per-tenant, per-trace) → multiplicative blow-up.
• Per-PID charts with no obsolete handler → growth at process churn rate (the bound is here in §2.5; the obsolete handler is the §1.5 concern).

For go.d V2 collectors, keep selector/cap behavior in the collector design and document the public config only when the operator has a real decision to make. Start from src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/how-to-write-a-collector.md.

2.6 Configuration discipline

Public tunables are part of the collector consistency contract. When a config option is added, removed, renamed, or given a new default, you MUST follow .agents/skills/integrations-lifecycle/consistency.md; you MUST NOT update only the Go struct or only the docs. The stock .conf shows safe, representative examples -- not necessarily every tunable.

Collectors MUST NOT hardcode timeouts, paths, ports, or credentials. Stock config and schema MUST NOT contradict each other.

Credentials use the ${env:}/${file:}/${cmd:}/${store:} indirection — see src/collectors/SECRETS.md. Privileged operations route through src/collectors/utils/ndsudo.c.

2.7 Generated artifacts are not source

Several artifacts are produced from upstream definitions and MUST NOT be hand-edited:

• integrations/<name>.md — generated from metadata.yaml (banner: DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE DIRECTLY).
• ibm.d modules — generated README.md, metadata.yaml, config.go, zz_generated_*.go from contexts.yaml via go generate.
• Rust plugin charts — derived at compile time via the charts-derive proc-macro.

When a generated file looks wrong, fix the source of truth (metadata.yaml, contexts.yaml, derive macro input) and regenerate. Note: go.d uses //go:embed for static assets — there is no go generate step.

2.8 Documentation/configuration consistency

Collector consistency has one detailed checklist: .agents/skills/integrations-lifecycle/consistency.md. Treat code, integration metadata, taxonomy, config, stock examples, alerts, and generated documentation as one unit, but do not maintain a second artifact matrix here.

If a collector exposes a Function, its response shape MUST also conform to the relevant Function schema, such as src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_UI_SCHEMA.json or src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_TOPOLOGY_SCHEMA.json.

2.9 Cross-plugin enrichment via netipc

When one collector needs data from another, use netipc — never shell out, open private sockets, poll log files, or reinvent IPC. In-tree libraries:

• C: src/libnetdata/netipc/
• Go: src/go/pkg/netipc/
• Rust: src/crates/netipc/

Both clients (consume) and servers (offer) exist in all three languages. Real example: src/collectors/cgroups.plugin/cgroup-netipc.c is a netipc server offering cgroup metadata to other plugins. Upstream spec, tests, fuzz suite: https://github.com/netdata/plugin-ipc.

2.10 Vnodes for remote targets

Set Vnode in job config when the collector has one remote target. For Go V2 collectors that emit multiple remote nodes from one job, use metrix.HostScope; see .agents/skills/project-writing-go-modules-framework-v2/go-v2-host-scope.md and src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/how-to-write-a-collector.md. Past pain: an older refactor had to retroactively split job-name validation per vnode/domain because earlier collectors had not accounted for it.

3. Structuring dashboards

The dashboard is built from charts. The way upstream data turns into charts depends on the ingestion path. Six mechanisms exist; pick the one that matches your collector and learn how it shapes the result.

3.1 NIDL framework — the model

Nodes, Instances, Dimensions, Labels. This is the conceptual model every other mechanism feeds into. Read docs/NIDL-Framework.md before designing metrics. Group dimensions into charts that answer one operational question. Use labels for instance and context annotations. Pick the right chart type (line, area, stacked, heatmap — see src/database/rrdset-type.h) and dimension algorithm (absolute, incremental, percentage-of-incremental-row, percentage-of-absolute-row — see src/database/rrd-algorithm.h, documented in src/plugins.d/README.md).

Common bugs: absolute on a counter (counters are incremental); line when stacked is the right shape (CPU states, disk-time breakdown). Reuse shared metric definitions from src/collectors/common-contexts/ for C plugins.

3.2 SNMP profiles — declarative spec → NIDL

SNMP collection is profile-driven. A profile is a YAML document declaring OIDs, metric definitions, table indexing, units, chart families, and selectors. Stock profiles ship from src/go/plugin/go.d/config/go.d/snmp.profiles/default/; spec at src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/snmp/profile-format.md (~2000 lines).

Adding or extending SNMP coverage means writing or extending a profile, not adding code. The SNMP topology collector (snmp_topology) builds on top of profiles — extending profiles is usually the right starting point for topology work too.

Past pain: pre-profile SNMP code required per-vendor branches that became unmaintainable. Don't hardcode OID-to-metric mappings inside a custom collector or vendor branch.

3.3 statsd synthetic_charts — operator-curated dashboards

The statsd plugin lets the operator group raw statsd metrics into curated charts via INI configs at /etc/netdata/statsd.d/*.conf. Each config defines:

• [app] — match raw metrics by pattern, group them under an application name
• [dictionary] — rename raw metric names to display names
• chart sections — declare a chart with title, family, context, units, type, and explicit dimension = lines mapping source metrics to display dimensions

Wildcard patterns extract dimension names from the matched portion: dimension = pattern 'myapp.api.*.200' '' last 1 1 creates dimensions named after the wildcard match. Three-layer dimension lookup (dimension name in dictionary → metric name in dictionary → fallback to original). Stock examples: src/collectors/statsd.plugin/k6.conf, src/collectors/statsd.plugin/asterisk.conf. Full spec: src/collectors/statsd.plugin/README.md lines 397-639.

This is the most operator-controllable shaping mechanism — the dashboard is whatever the operator declares.

3.4 OTEL mappings — per-metric YAML routing

Netdata's OTEL plugin (src/crates/otel-plugin/) accepts any OTLP gRPC metric. Mapping is generic by default — all resource attributes, scope attributes, and data point attributes become chart labels — but the operator controls routing via per-metric YAML files at /etc/netdata/otel.d/v1/metrics/*.yaml. Key knobs:

• instrumentation_scope.name / version — regex match to scope an entry to a specific OTel instrumentation
• dimension_attribute_key — which data point attribute becomes the dimension name (default: "value"); other attributes become chart labels
• interval_secs, grace_period_secs — per-metric timing overrides

Aggregation temporality drives the chart algorithm: Gauge → absolute, Sum delta → DeltaSum, Sum cumulative monotonic → CumulativeSum, Sum cumulative non-monotonic → treated as Gauge (src/crates/otel-ingestor/src/chart.rs).

The plugin does not recognize OTel semantic conventions specifically (host.name, service.name, deployment.environment) — they pass through as labels. Cardinality control is metrics.max_new_charts_per_request in otel.yaml. Stock examples: src/crates/otel-ingestor/configs/otel.d/v1/metrics/.

3.5 Prometheus — deterministic; shape upstream to shape dashboard

The generic Prometheus scraper (src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/prometheus/) auto-maps from the exposition format with no per-metric synthetic shaping:

• metric name → chart ID + dimension ID
• Prometheus labels → Netdata chart labels (with optional label_prefix)
• type (counter, gauge, histogram, summary) → chart type and dimension algorithm
• histograms and summaries explode into 3 charts each (buckets/quantiles, _sum, _count)
• recognized suffixes: _total (counter), _bucket + le label (histogram), _sum, _count, quantile label (summary), _info (skipped)
• unit suffixes drive the units string: _seconds, _bytes, _hertz

Operator controls are scoping, not shaping: time-series selectors (allow/deny on metric name and label values, src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/prometheus/README.md:110-127) and fallback_type glob patterns for untyped metrics. There is no equivalent of statsd synthetic_charts — you cannot group disparate Prometheus metrics into a composite chart Netdata-side. To shape the dashboard, shape the upstream exporter: rename metrics, add labels, fix types upstream.

3.6 Chart priorities

Chart priorities (priority field in C, Priority in Go) drive UI ordering. C plugins follow conventions in src/collectors/all.h. Don't pick priorities arbitrarily; mirror an adjacent collector's range.

4. Production-quality criteria & pre-PR checklist

A collector is production-quality when it satisfies all of:

• Survives target unavailability for hours without log floods, fd leaks, memory growth, or runaway retries.
• Bounded memory under failure — buffers do not grow on parse errors or stuck connections.
• No fd / goroutine / thread leaks across Cleanup() cycles or job reloads.
• Cycle-latency budget respected — Collect() finishes well under one cycle even on a slow target.
• Graceful with partial / malformed upstream responses — parser does not crash, log-flood, or skip downstream collection.
• High-cardinality entities bounded via max_* and selectors so the operator can scope them.
• Disappeared entities obsoleted so the dashboard reflects what is actually being collected (this applies even at low cardinality).
• IDs (chart context, chart ID, dimension ID, instance labels) are stable — never renamed without a migration plan.

Pre-PR checklist

1. Did I research the current spec/protocol/application from authoritative sources, not just from prior knowledge?
2. For ambiguous specs: did I cross-check against 2–3 popular open-source monitoring projects?
3. Do all metrics have units, chart families, and meaningful names? Did NIDL inform the grouping? Are chart types and dimension algorithms correct (incremental for counters, etc.)?
4. Are gaps preserved (no zero defaults for missing values)?
5. Does the collection cycle allocate, log per iteration, or reconnect every cycle?
6. Do error logs answer what operation, what target, what was expected vs observed?
7. Did I run the collector consistency checklist in .agents/skills/integrations-lifecycle/consistency.md, including the rule that generated integration pages are not hand-authored sources?
8. For remote targets: is vnode wiring done?
9. For SNMP: did I extend a profile rather than hardcode OIDs?
10. For statsd / OTEL: did I document and ship the operator-side config (synthetic_charts file or OTEL mapping YAML)?
11. For Prometheus scraping: are selectors correct? Are untyped metrics handled?
12. For cross-plugin enrichment: am I using netipc?
13. For Functions: does the response conform to one of the six shapes? Non-blocking with respect to the collection loop? Schema-validated?
14. For ibm.d only: did I run go generate after touching contexts.yaml?
15. For new go.d modules: are all four runtime-load wiring steps done (collector/init.go import, go.d.conf, stock conf, README)?
16. Tests: real fixtures or real instances? Would they catch the bug I just fixed?
17. High-cardinality labels / instances: bounded by max_* + selectors? Aggregated "Other" bucket or upstream-supplied aggregation present where applicable?
18. Entities that can go away: obsoleted when the collector knows they're gone? Anti-flip-flop window applied where churn is expected?
19. Production-quality criteria above — would this collector survive hours of target outage without leaks or log floods?

5. Plugins and frameworks — what's available and where

Reference section. Use it after the mental model and best practices have framed your task.

5.1 The plugin landscape

Family	Lang	Platforms	Where in repo	Scope
proc.plugin	C	Linux	src/collectors/proc.plugin/	Kernel /proc and /sys
apps.plugin	C	Linux/FreeBSD/macOS/Windows	src/collectors/apps.plugin/	Per-process and per-user/group; processes Function
cgroups.plugin	C	Linux	src/collectors/cgroups.plugin/	Containers and control groups
ebpf.plugin	C + eBPF	Linux	src/collectors/ebpf.plugin/	Kernel function tracing
network-viewer.plugin	C	Linux	src/collectors/network-viewer.plugin/	L3/L4 sockets; topology: Functions
systemd-journal.plugin / windows-events.plugin	C	Linux/Windows	src/collectors/{systemd-journal,windows-events}.plugin/	Log/event explorers via Functions
systemd-units.plugin	C	Linux	src/collectors/systemd-units.plugin/	systemd unit state
windows.plugin	C	Windows	src/collectors/windows.plugin/	Windows performance counters
freebsd.plugin / macos.plugin	C	platform-specific	src/collectors/{freebsd,macos}.plugin/	OS analogs of proc.plugin
statsd.plugin	C	All	src/collectors/statsd.plugin/	StatsD ingestion + synthetic_charts
log2journal	C	Linux	src/collectors/log2journal/	Parse application logs into the systemd journal
Niche C plugins	C	various	src/collectors/<name>.plugin/	freeipmi, nfacct, tc, xenstat, debugfs, diskspace, slabinfo, idlejitter, timex, cups, ioping, perf
go.d.plugin	Go (no CGO)	All	src/go/plugin/go.d/	Application integrations
ibm.d.plugin	Go + CGO	Linux, IBM i	src/go/plugin/ibm.d/modules/	IBM workloads (DB2, IBM i / AS-400, IBM MQ, WebSphere)
netflow-plugin	Rust	Linux	src/crates/netflow-plugin/	NetFlow v5/v9, IPFIX, sFlow
otel-plugin	Rust	Linux	src/crates/otel-plugin/	OpenTelemetry metrics + logs ingestion (logs queryable via the otel-logs Function)
charts.d.plugin / python.d.plugin	Bash / Python	All	src/collectors/{charts,python}.d.plugin/	Legacy — do not add new modules

Path conventions: internal C plugins → src/collectors/<name>.plugin/; Go orchestrators → src/go/plugin/{go.d,ibm.d}/; Rust plugins → src/crates/<name>/.

5.2 Routing by task

If you are doing…	Start with
New off-the-shelf application integration (no CGO)	src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/how-to-write-a-collector.md; primary V2 reference: src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/cato_networks/
Migrating existing go.d collector to V2	src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/migrate-v1-to-v2.md; V2 mechanics: .agents/skills/project-writing-go-modules-framework-v2/SKILL.md
New IBM workload integration (CGO)	src/go/plugin/ibm.d/AGENTS.md, src/go/plugin/ibm.d/framework/README.md
New Rust plugin	SDK at src/crates/netdata-plugin/; reference: src/crates/netflow-plugin/
New SNMP profile (no code change)	src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/snmp/profile-format.md
New interactive Function	src/go/plugin/framework/functions/README.md, src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_UI_SCHEMA.json, src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_UI_DEVELOPER_GUIDE.md
Topology work	.agents/skills/project-create-topology/SKILL.md, src/go/pkg/topology/v1, src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_TOPOLOGY_SCHEMA.json
Auto-discovery for a new go.d module	rules under src/go/plugin/go.d/config/go.d/sd/; engine: src/go/plugin/agent/discovery/
OTEL ingestion	src/crates/otel-plugin/ (ingest logic in src/crates/otel-ingestor/)
Log ingestion (parse → journal)	src/collectors/log2journal/ and log2journal.d/ rules
New external plugin in any language	src/plugins.d/README.md (PLUGINSD protocol)
New internal C plugin	src/collectors/README.md; mirror an adjacent collector
Cross-plugin data enrichment	netipc libraries (§5.4)
Privileged operations	src/collectors/utils/ndsudo.c
Credentials in config	src/collectors/SECRETS.md

5.3 go.d V1 / V2 reality check

Most go.d collectors are still V1, but the broad V1 authoring docs have been retired because they taught stale patterns from general Go paths. Do not use existing V1 collectors as the shape for new work.

New go.d modules MUST use V2. Start with src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/how-to-write-a-collector.md. Use src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/cato_networks/ as the primary modern reference, but copy focused responsibilities rather than the entire collector. Copying a V1 module mirrors legacy patterns and the maintainers will ask you to migrate.

For migrating an existing V1 collector, start with src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/migrate-v1-to-v2.md. Migration is compatibility work; do not use the new-collector guide to justify chart, config, or lifecycle contract changes. Temporary V1 parity bridges can help during development, but the finished collector MUST NOT run through a V1-to-V2 bridge.

V2 imports: github.com/netdata/netdata/go/plugins/plugin/framework/collectorapi and .../pkg/metrix. The CollectorV2 interface lives at src/go/plugin/framework/collectorapi/collector.go.

Lifecycle semantics: Init() is one-time setup (failure disables permanently); Check() is auto-detection probe (failure disables, retried later); Collect() is the hot path (every update_every seconds); Cleanup() is guaranteed on shutdown.

Silent-failure trap (go.d). A new go.d module compiles and tests pass even when it is not loaded by the plugin at runtime. Runtime loading requires four wiring steps: import in src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/init.go, modules: toggle in src/go/plugin/go.d/config/go.d.conf, stock job config at src/go/plugin/go.d/config/go.d/<name>.conf, and entry in src/go/plugin/go.d/README.md. Same trap applies to ibm.d.

5.4 ibm.d, Rust SDK, internal C, PLUGINSD

• ibm.d (CGO, IBM-vendor workloads) — use the ibm.d framework with go generate after touching contexts.yaml. See src/go/plugin/ibm.d/AGENTS.md. Don't reach for ibm.d for non-IBM CGO needs — the framework is shaped around vendor drivers; CGO outside the IBM ecosystem is a design discussion.
• Rust SDK at src/crates/netdata-plugin/ — modules bridge/, protocol/, rt/, charts-derive/, schema/, types/, error/. Documentation lives in lib.rs doc-comments — there is no README. New Rust crates go into the src/crates/Cargo.toml workspace. Reference impl: src/crates/netflow-plugin/.
• Internal C plugins — mirror an adjacent collector under src/collectors/<name>.plugin/; reuse src/libnetdata/. libnetdata.h includes most of libnetdata so individual headers are usually unnecessary. Allocators with the z suffix (mallocz, callocz, strdupz, freez) handle failures via fatal(); freez(NULL) is safe. JSON parsing: json-c. JSON generation: buffer_json_*. Linked lists: DOUBLE_LINKED_LIST_* macros.
• PLUGINSD external plugins (any language) — spec at src/plugins.d/README.md. Useful when implementation language is dictated by an SDK that go.d / ibm.d / Rust cannot accommodate.

Don't:

• write new go.d modules against V1
• add modules to charts.d.plugin or python.d.plugin
• run go generate for go.d (no //go:generate directives — uses //go:embed)
• add new third-party Go modules or system-library dependencies casually — they ship to every Netdata install; check with maintainers if non-trivial

5.5 Build / dev loop

• go.d unit tests: cd src/go && go test ./plugin/go.d/collector/<name>/...
• Single-module dev run: timeout 15s go run ./cmd/godplugin -m <name> -d from src/go; success means the module registers, starts a job, and keeps running until the timeout stops it.
• Rust: cargo test -p <crate>
• Whole-project install: ./netdata-installer.sh

6. Dealing with data types

A collector ingests one or more of these data types. Each has its own pattern.

6.1 Metrics (time-series numeric data)

The default. Streams as BEGIN/SET/END (PLUGINSD) or framework equivalents. Shape via NIDL (§3). Storage is the dbengine; alerts bind to chart context; anomaly detection / ML jobs run continuously. Every metric travels via streaming to parents and to Netdata Cloud — cardinality matters everywhere.

6.2 Logs

Two paths:

• Structured journaling. src/collectors/log2journal/ parses application/access logs (configurable YAML rules in log2journal.d/, e.g. nginx-json.yaml, default.yaml) and writes structured fields into the systemd journal. The systemd-journal.plugin then exposes the entries via a Function (the log explorer in the Netdata UI).
• OTEL log signals. src/crates/otel-plugin/ ingests OTLP logs into a write-ahead log with indexed segments (src/crates/otel-ingestor/, sfsq), queryable via the otel-logs Function in the Logs tab.

Platform-specific events: windows-events.plugin (Windows event log).

Logs are not metrics. Don't try to derive metrics from logs in the collection loop — emit logs as logs, then build metrics separately if needed.

6.3 Live snapshots (Functions)

Interactive, on-demand tabular data: process lists, network connections, FDB tables, log entries, journal queries, topology snapshots, flow records. Functions complement metrics; they don't replace them.

Build a Function when the answer is interactive/tabular live data. If the answer is a numeric time series, that's a metric.

Response shape is one of info_response, data_response, topology_response, flows_response, error_response, not_modified_response (defined in src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_UI_SCHEMA.json). New topology payloads use the dedicated production topology contract in src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_TOPOLOGY_SCHEMA.json. For Go, use builders in src/go/pkg/funcapi/; Go topology producers should use src/go/pkg/topology/v1 for the v1 response model and compact-table helpers. For Rust, implement the FunctionHandler trait from the SDK runtime (src/crates/netdata-plugin/rt/).

Functions run concurrently with the collection loop — they must not block it. Validate during development with src/go/tools/functions-validation/.

Reference implementations: src/collectors/network-viewer.plugin/ (topology + connections), src/collectors/systemd-journal.plugin/ (log explorer), src/collectors/apps.plugin/ (processes).

Backend docs: src/go/plugin/framework/functions/README.md (Go), src/crates/netdata-plugin/rt/src/lib.rs (Rust FunctionHandler). UI/protocol: src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_UI_DEVELOPER_GUIDE.md, src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_UI_REFERENCE.md. Topology contract: src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_TOPOLOGY_DEVELOPER_GUIDE.md, src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_TOPOLOGY_SCHEMA.json.

6.4 Topology / interconnections / links

Topology is its own data type — directed/undirected graphs of nodes and links. Sources and consumers:

• SNMP-discovered topology (src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/snmp_topology/) — LLDP/CDP neighbors, BRIDGE-MIB FDB, Q-BRIDGE FDB, ARP tables, STP. Builds on SNMP profiles; extending profiles is usually the right starting point.
• Live socket topology (src/collectors/network-viewer.plugin/) — local L3/L4 sockets and their inferred connections.
• Streaming graph (src/streaming/) — Netdata parent/child topology.
• Topology library at src/go/pkg/topology/v1 — production Go payload helpers for new topology producers. The non-v1 root src/go/pkg/topology/ payload model has been retired and must not be reintroduced for topology work.

Topology is consumed via Functions (topology:* family), not via metrics. The cardinality of network edges is too high for time-series storage and the use case is interactive lookup.

6.5 Data enrichment via netipc

When a collector needs data from another collector to enrich its output (a network collector wanting cgroup labels, an apps collector wanting cgroup PIDs, a flow collector wanting interface metadata), use netipc. Don't shell out, don't open private sockets, don't poll log files.

Both client and server roles exist in C, Go, and Rust:

• C: src/libnetdata/netipc/
• Go: src/go/pkg/netipc/
• Rust: src/crates/netipc/

cgroups.plugin (src/collectors/cgroups.plugin/cgroup-netipc.c) is a real example of a netipc server offering cgroup metadata to other plugins. Upstream spec, tests, fuzz suite: https://github.com/netdata/plugin-ipc.

7. Common practices per collector domain

These are descriptive patterns — what existing Netdata collectors do. Use them as defaults; deviate with reason.

7.1 Database collectors

DB collectors often pair metrics (uptime, connections, query rates, replication lag, lock counts, cache hit ratios) with Functions for live query analysis: top queries, slow queries, currently-running queries, locks. Real examples:

• MySQL (src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/mysql/) — metrics + mysqlfunc/top_queries.go + processlist via collect_process_list.go.
• PostgreSQL (src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/postgres/) — metrics + func_top_queries.go + func_running_queries.go, dispatched through func_router.go.
• MongoDB / Redis are metrics-only today, but the same Function pattern fits if the use case demands it.

Before adding a query Function, decide whether it is in scope for the current work and record the product/design decision. The operator value of seeing "what's slow right now" is high and the pattern is established, but Functions are still a feature surface, not something to add accidentally during unrelated metric work.

7.2 Network and SNMP collectors

Network/SNMP collectors typically pair metrics with topology Functions and FDB / ARP / LLDP enrichment:

• snmp + snmp_topology (src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/snmp_topology/) — topology Functions (func_topology.go, func_topology_handler.go, func_topology_managed_focus.go, func_topology_options.go, func_topology_presentation.go, func_topology_depth.go) on top of SNMP profile data.
• network-viewer.plugin (src/collectors/network-viewer.plugin/) — topology: Functions for live socket-level topology.

Per-device metrics need vnode wiring (each managed device is a vnode). FDB/ARP/STP data lands as topology Functions, not metrics — the cardinality is too high for metrics and the use case is interactive lookup.

7.3 Container / orchestration collectors

Container collectors pair container metrics with enrichment via netipc:

• cgroups.plugin exposes a netipc server (src/collectors/cgroups.plugin/cgroup-netipc.c) that other plugins query to map PIDs/cgroups to container/pod identity.
• apps.plugin and network-viewer.plugin consume this enrichment to label processes and connections with container metadata.

When adding a new orchestration source (Kubernetes API, Docker events, Nomad, etc.), think about who downstream needs the labels and whether to expose them via netipc.

7.4 Web servers and reverse proxies

Web server collectors pair metrics (requests, status codes, latency, upstream errors) with access-log Functions when the access log is structured:

• log2journal parses NGINX/Apache/HAProxy access logs (rules under src/collectors/log2journal/log2journal.d/).
• The journal explorer Function makes the parsed entries searchable in the dashboard.

If the application's log format is closed or unstructured, only metrics are practical.

7.5 Flow protocols (NetFlow / sFlow / IPFIX)

The Rust netflow-plugin (src/crates/netflow-plugin/) ingests flows and exposes them via Functions (flows_response shape). Flows are per-record, high-cardinality, and not suitable for traditional metric storage. Reference fixtures and provenance discipline live under src/crates/netflow-plugin/testdata/. Topology enrichment (interface names, AS metadata) typically comes from netipc or from SNMP-collected interface data.

7.6 Application servers and middleware

Java app servers, message queues, application middleware — JMX/HTTP/protobuf metrics are the default; some pair with log exploration via journal or OTEL log signals when the workflow benefits from it. Mirror the closest existing collector.

7.7 OS/kernel collectors

Internal C plugins under src/collectors/. Reuse shared metric definitions from src/collectors/common-contexts/; follow chart-priority conventions in src/collectors/all.h; lean on src/libnetdata/ rather than reimplementing utilities.

8. Canonical documentation pointers

Topic	Open when	Path
NIDL framework	designing metrics, labels, charts	docs/NIDL-Framework.md
Chart types and dimension algorithms	choosing chart shape and metric algorithm	src/database/rrdset-type.h, src/database/rrd-algorithm.h
Chart priorities (C)	dashboard ordering convention	src/collectors/all.h
Shared metric definitions (C)	reusing common contexts	src/collectors/common-contexts/
Plugin types and privileges	choosing where to add a collector	src/collectors/README.md
External plugin protocol	non-Go external plugin	src/plugins.d/README.md
go.d V2 authoring	adding a go.d module	src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/how-to-write-a-collector.md
go.d V1-to-V2 migration	migrating existing go.d collector	src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/migrate-v1-to-v2.md
Functions backend (Go / Rust)	implementing a Function	src/go/plugin/framework/functions/README.md, src/crates/netdata-plugin/rt/src/lib.rs
Functions UI schema & guides	response shapes and patterns	src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_UI_SCHEMA.json, src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_UI_DEVELOPER_GUIDE.md, src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_UI_REFERENCE.md
Topology Function schema & guide	topology actors, links, evidence, overlays	src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_TOPOLOGY_SCHEMA.json, src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_TOPOLOGY_DEVELOPER_GUIDE.md, src/plugins.d/FUNCTION_TOPOLOGY_IMPLEMENTATION_SCOPE.md
Functions validator	E2E + schema validation	src/go/tools/functions-validation/README.md
ibm.d framework	starting ibm.d work	src/go/plugin/ibm.d/AGENTS.md, src/go/plugin/ibm.d/framework/README.md
Rust plugin SDK	new Rust plugin	src/crates/netdata-plugin/ (rt/, protocol/, bridge/, charts-derive/, schema/, types/, error/)
Rust NetFlow plugin	NetFlow / sFlow / IPFIX work	src/crates/netflow-plugin/
OTEL ingestion mappings	per-metric YAML routing	src/crates/otel-ingestor/ (configs under configs/otel.d/v1/metrics/)
SNMP profile format	adding/extending an SNMP profile	src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/snmp/profile-format.md
SNMP stock profiles	starting from a known device	src/go/plugin/go.d/config/go.d/snmp.profiles/default/
statsd synthetic_charts	operator-curated dashboards	src/collectors/statsd.plugin/README.md (lines 397-639)
Prometheus mapping	generic exposition scrape	src/go/plugin/go.d/collector/prometheus/README.md
log2journal	parsing application logs into the journal	src/collectors/log2journal/log2journal.d/
Auto-discovery rules	adding service-detection rules	src/go/plugin/go.d/config/go.d/sd/{net_listeners,docker,snmp,http}.conf
Topology library	topology producers in Go	src/go/pkg/topology/v1
netipc cross-plugin enrichment	C / Go / Rust	src/libnetdata/netipc/, src/go/pkg/netipc/, src/crates/netipc/
DYNCFG protocol	dynamic configuration	src/plugins.d/DYNCFG.md, docs/developer-and-contributor-corner/dyncfg.md
Health alerts reference	alert template authoring	src/health/REFERENCE.md, src/health/alert-configuration-ordering.md
Integrations pipeline	doc generation from metadata.yaml	integrations/README.md
Go framework changes	changing shared Go collector/runtime framework code	src/go/plugin/framework/docs/changing-framework-code.md
go.d V1-to-V2 migration	migrating existing go.d collectors	src/go/plugin/go.d/docs/migrate-v1-to-v2.md
Credentials in config	${env:}/${file:}/${cmd:}/${store:}	src/collectors/SECRETS.md
Privileged operations	restricted setuid helper	src/collectors/utils/ndsudo.c

9. Maintaining this skill

This skill is live. When you find a gap, an outdated pointer, a new pattern, or a bad practice not yet captured, propose changes to this file in the same PR that exposed the issue. When fixing a wrong pointer, also record what was misleading about the prior text — future readers see both the corrected map and the failure mode that produced it. Mention the change in the PR description so it gets reviewed consciously rather than skimmed.