swine-medicine

# Swine Production & Herd Health ## Overview A production-focused framework for managing commercial and independent swine populations with emphasis on biosecurity, herd-level immunity, and production economics. Also covers individual pig clinical care for companion/pet pig cases. ## When to Use - Herd-level health outbreaks (diarrhea, respiratory distress, sudden mortality) - Implementing biosecurity for Foreign Animal Diseases (FAD) - Analyzing production records and benchmarking performance - Individual pig clinical cases (potbellied pigs, companion swine) - Keywords: swine, pig, porcine, herd health, biosecurity, ASF, PRRS, PCV2, PED, production, farrowing, weaning, boar, sow, gilt ## Workflow 1. **Confirm context.** Mandatory: Commercial production (farrow-to-finish, nursery, finisher) or companion/pet pig? Herd size? Indoor vs. outdoor? Geographic region (FAD risk assessment)? 2. **Biosecurity audit.** Assess Lines of Separation (LOS) and entry protocols. Monitor for African Swine Fever (ASF), a high-stakes, notifiable, non-zoonotic viral threat. Any suspicion of ASF or Classical Swine Fever (CSF) requires immediate notification to the State Veterinarian / USDA APHIS. 3. **Herd immunity evaluation.** Review vaccination schedules for PCV2, PRRS, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Erysipelas, and Parvovirus. Assess timing relative to production stage. 4. **Production metrics analysis.** Benchmark against industry standards. Key metrics: pigs weaned per sow per year (target >25-30), pre-weaning mortality (<10%), average daily gain, feed conversion ratio. 5. **Clinical assessment** (individual or group). Species-specific physical exam with attention to respiratory signs, skin lesions, lameness, and neurological signs. Necropsy patterns for herd-level diagnosis. 6. **Reportable disease check.** Any unusual mortality pattern, vesicular lesions, or hemorrhagic syndrome must be evaluated for FAD before other differentials. ## Clinical Reference Values (Adult) | Parameter | Range | | --- | --- | | Temperature | 101-103.5°F (38.3-39.7°C) | | Heart rate | 70-120 bpm | | Respiratory rate | 32-58 bpm | | Blood glucose | 66-116 mg/dL | ## Critical Alerts - **African Swine Fever (ASF):** No vaccine, no treatment, nearly 100% mortality in naive herds. Any sudden increase in high-fever mortality must be reported to the State Veterinarian immediately. - **Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED):** Devastating to neonatal piglets (<7 days). Nearly 100% mortality in naive litters. - **PRRS:** Reproductive failure in sows + respiratory disease in growing pigs. Modified-live vaccines available but strain-dependent efficacy. ## Husbandry Principles - **All-In/All-Out (AIAO):** Strict management to break disease cycles between groups. - **Pig flow:** Understand the production pipeline (breeding, gestation, farrowing, nursery, grow-finish) as disease timing relates directly to production stage. - **Companion pigs:** Potbellied and miniature pigs have different metabolic profiles, obesity predisposition, and behavioral needs compared to production breeds. ## Key Species Differences Production swine vs. companion/pet pigs differ substantially in body condition expectations, normal behavior, nutritional requirements, and clinical approach. Miniature breeds (Vietnamese Potbellied, Juliana, Kunekune) are prone to obesity, arthritis, and tusk-related injuries. Do not apply production herd protocols to individual companion animals without modification. ## Limitations - Focuses primarily on herd-level outcomes for production settings; individual pet pig medicine requires clinical judgment beyond production templates. - Drug withdrawal times are critical for food-producing animals; always verify with FARAD before prescribing. - ASF status and regulatory requirements vary by country; always check current OIE/WOAH status for the relevant region. - Swine-specific pharmacokinetic data is limited for many drugs; consult Plumb's or FARAD for current withdrawal information.