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building-adversary-infrastructure-tracking-system Use when building an automated system to track adversary infrastructure using passive DNS, certificate transparency, WHOIS data, and IP enrichment to map and monitor threat actor command-and-control networks.
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name building-adversary-infrastructure-tracking-system description Use when building an automated system to track adversary infrastructure using passive DNS, certificate transparency, WHOIS data, and IP enrichment to map and monitor threat actor command-and-control networks. domain cybersecurity subdomain threat-intelligence tags ["infrastructure-tracking","passive-dns","c2","whois","threat-actor","pivoting","threat-intelligence","domain-analysis"] version 1.0 author oyi77 license Apache-2.0 nist_csf ["ID.RA-01","ID.RA-05","DE.CM-01","DE.AE-02"]
Building Adversary Infrastructure Tracking System
Overview
Adversary infrastructure tracking uses passive DNS records, certificate transparency logs, WHOIS registration data, and IP enrichment to discover, map, and monitor threat actor command-and-control (C2) networks. Attackers frequently reuse hosting providers, registrars, SSL certificates, and naming patterns across campaigns, enabling analysts to pivot from known indicators to discover new infrastructure. This skill covers building an automated tracking system that identifies infrastructure relationships, detects newly registered domains matching adversary patterns, and maintains a continuously updated map of threat actor networks.
When to Use
Trigger phrases:
"building adversary infrastructure tracking system"
"Build an automated system to track adversary infrastructure using passive DNS, c"
When deploying or configuring building adversary infrastructure tracking system capabilities in your environment
When establishing security controls aligned to compliance requirements
When building or improving security architecture for this domain
When conducting security assessments that require this implementation
Prerequisites
Python 3.9+ with requests, dnspython, python-whois, shodan, networkx libraries
API keys: SecurityTrails, PassiveTotal/RiskIQ, Shodan, VirusTotal
Access to passive DNS data sources
Understanding of DNS infrastructure, hosting, and domain registration
Graph database (Neo4j) or NetworkX for relationship visualization
Key Concepts
This section covers key concepts for building adversary infrastructure tracking system.
Ensure all prerequisites are met before proceeding
Follow the documented workflow steps in sequence
Record results and any anomalies encountered during this phase
Passive DNS
Passive DNS captures historical DNS resolution data, recording which domains resolved to which IPs and when. Unlike active DNS queries, passive DNS preserves historical relationships even after records change, enabling analysts to track infrastructure changes, identify shared hosting patterns, and discover related domains that resolved to the same IP addresses over time.
Infrastructure Pivoting
Pivoting identifies related infrastructure by following connections: IP pivot (find all domains on an IP), domain pivot (find all IPs a domain resolved to), WHOIS pivot (find domains with same registrant), certificate pivot (find hosts sharing SSL certificates), and NS/MX pivot (find domains using same name servers or mail servers).
Adversary Infrastructure Patterns Threat actors exhibit patterns: preferred registrars (Namecheap, REG.RU, Tucows), preferred hosting (bulletproof hosting providers, cloud services), domain generation algorithms (DGA), consistent naming patterns, and certificate reuse across campaigns.
Workflow
Scope the task — define objectives, boundaries, and success criteriaGather information — collect all necessary data and context before proceedingExecute the core workflow — follow the domain-specific steps methodicallyValidate results — verify outputs against expected outcomes or baselinesDocument findings — record results, anomalies, and recommendations
Step 1: Passive DNS Infrastructure Discovery import requests
import json
from collections import defaultdict
from datetime import datetime
class InfrastructureTracker :
def __init__ (self, securitytrails_key=None , vt_key=None , shodan_key=None ):
self .st_key = securitytrails_key
self .vt_key = vt_key
self .shodan_key = shodan_key
self .infrastructure_graph = defaultdict(lambda : {"nodes" : set (), "edges" : []})
def passive_dns_lookup (self, domain ):
"""Query passive DNS for domain resolution history."""
headers = {"apikey" : self .st_key}
url = f"https://api.securitytrails.com/v1/history/{domain} /dns/a"
resp = requests.get(url, headers=headers, timeout=30 )
if resp.status_code == 200 :
records = resp.json().get("records" , [])
history = []
for record in records:
for value in record.get("values" , []):
history.append({
"domain" : domain,
"ip" : value.get("ip" , "" ),
"first_seen" : record.get("first_seen" , "" ),
"last_seen" : record.get("last_seen" , "" ),
"type" : record.get("type" , "a" ),
})
print (f"[+] Passive DNS for {domain} : {len (history)} records" )
return history
return []
def reverse_ip_lookup (self, ip_address ):
"""Find all domains hosted on an IP address."""
headers = {"apikey" : self .st_key}
url = f"https://api.securitytrails.com/v1/ips/nearby/{ip_address} "
resp = requests.get(url, headers=headers, timeout=30 )
if resp.status_code == 200 :
blocks = resp.json().get("blocks" , [])
domains = []
for block in blocks:
for site in block.get("sites" , []):
domains.append(site)
print (f"[+] Reverse IP for {ip_address} : {len (domains)} domains" )
return domains
return []
def whois_lookup (self, domain ):
"""Get WHOIS registration data for pivoting."""
headers = {"apikey" : self .st_key}
url = f"https://api.securitytrails.com/v1/domain/{domain} /whois"
resp = requests.get(url, headers=headers, timeout=30 )
if resp.status_code == 200 :
data = resp.json()
whois_data = {
"domain" : domain,
"registrar" : data.get("registrar" , "" ),
"registrant_org" : data.get("registrant_org" , "" ),
"registrant_email" : data.get("registrant_email" , "" ),
"name_servers" : data.get("nameServers" , []),
"created_date" : data.get("createdDate" , "" ),
"updated_date" : data.get("updatedDate" , "" ),
"expires_date" : data.get("expiresDate" , "" ),
}
return whois_data
return {}
def pivot_from_seed (self, seed_indicator, indicator_type="domain" , depth=2 ):
"""Recursively pivot from a seed indicator to discover infrastructure."""
discovered = {"domains" : set (), "ips" : set (), "relationships" : []}
if indicator_type == "domain" :
discovered["domains" ].add(seed_indicator)
pdns = self .passive_dns_lookup(seed_indicator)
for record in pdns:
ip = record["ip" ]
discovered["ips" ].add(ip)
discovered["relationships" ].append({
"source" : seed_indicator, "target" : ip,
"type" : "resolves_to" ,
"first_seen" : record["first_seen" ],
"last_seen" : record["last_seen" ],
})
if depth > 1 :
reverse_domains = self .reverse_ip_lookup(ip)
for rd in reverse_domains[:20 ]:
discovered["domains" ].add(rd)
discovered["relationships" ].append({
"source" : rd, "target" : ip,
"type" : "hosted_on" ,
})
elif indicator_type == "ip" :
discovered["ips" ].add(seed_indicator)
domains = self .reverse_ip_lookup(seed_indicator)
for domain in domains[:20 ]:
discovered["domains" ].add(domain)
discovered["relationships" ].append({
"source" : domain, "target" : seed_indicator,
"type" : "hosted_on" ,
})
print (f"[+] Pivot from {seed_indicator} : "
f"{len (discovered['domains' ])} domains, "
f"{len (discovered['ips' ])} IPs, "
f"{len (discovered['relationships' ])} relationships" )
return discovered
tracker = InfrastructureTracker(
securitytrails_key="YOUR_ST_KEY" ,
vt_key="YOUR_VT_KEY" ,
)
Step 2: Build Infrastructure Graph import networkx as nx
class InfrastructureGraph :
def __init__ (self ):
self .graph = nx.Graph()
def add_discovery (self, discovery_data ):
"""Add discovered infrastructure to graph."""
for domain in discovery_data["domains" ]:
self .graph.add_node(domain, type ="domain" )
for ip in discovery_data["ips" ]:
self .graph.add_node(ip, type ="ip" )
for rel in discovery_data["relationships" ]:
self .graph.add_edge(
rel["source" ], rel["target" ],
relationship=rel["type" ],
first_seen=rel.get("first_seen" , "" ),
last_seen=rel.get("last_seen" , "" ),
)
def find_clusters (self ):
"""Identify infrastructure clusters."""
components = list (nx.connected_components(self .graph))
clusters = []
for component in components:
domains = [n for n in component if self .graph.nodes[n].get("type" ) == "domain" ]
ips = [n for n in component if self .graph.nodes[n].get("type" ) == "ip" ]
clusters.append({
"size" : len (component),
"domains" : sorted (domains),
"ips" : sorted (ips),
"domain_count" : len (domains),
"ip_count" : len (ips),
})
clusters.sort(key=lambda x: x["size" ], reverse=True )
print (f"[+] Infrastructure clusters: {len (clusters)} " )
return clusters
def find_hub_nodes (self, top_n=10 ):
"""Find high-centrality nodes (shared infrastructure)."""
centrality = nx.degree_centrality(self .graph)
top_nodes = sorted (centrality.items(), key=lambda x: x[1 ], reverse=True )[:top_n]
hubs = []
for node, score in top_nodes:
hubs.append({
"node" : node,
"type" : self .graph.nodes[node].get("type" , "unknown" ),
"centrality" : round (score, 4 ),
"connections" : self .graph.degree(node),
})
return hubs
def export_graph (self, output_file="infrastructure_graph.json" ):
data = nx.node_link_data(self .graph)
with open (output_file, "w" ) as f:
json.dump(data, f, indent=2 )
print (f"[+] Graph exported: {self.graph.number_of_nodes()} nodes, "
f"{self.graph.number_of_edges()} edges" )
infra_graph = InfrastructureGraph()
discovery = tracker.pivot_from_seed("evil-domain.com" , depth=2 )
infra_graph.add_discovery(discovery)
clusters = infra_graph.find_clusters()
hubs = infra_graph.find_hub_nodes()
infra_graph.export_graph()
Step 3: Monitor for New Infrastructure import time
class InfrastructureMonitor :
def __init__ (self, tracker, known_indicators ):
self .tracker = tracker
self .known = set (known_indicators)
self .alerts = []
def check_new_registrations (self, patterns ):
"""Check for newly registered domains matching adversary patterns."""
import re
new_domains = []
for pattern in patterns:
headers = {"apikey" : self .tracker.st_key}
url = "https://api.securitytrails.com/v1/domains/list"
params = {"include_ips" : "true" , "page" : 1 }
body = {"filter" : {"keyword" : pattern}}
resp = requests.post(url, headers=headers, json=body, timeout=30 )
if resp.status_code == 200 :
records = resp.json().get("records" , [])
for record in records:
domain = record.get("hostname" , "" )
if domain not in self .known:
new_domains.append({
"domain" : domain,
"pattern_matched" : pattern,
"first_seen" : datetime.now().isoformat(),
})
self .known.add(domain)
if new_domains:
print (f"[ALERT] {len (new_domains)} new domains matching patterns" )
self .alerts.extend(new_domains)
return new_domains
def generate_infrastructure_report (self, clusters, hubs ):
report = f"""# Adversary Infrastructure Tracking Report
Generated: {datetime.now().isoformat()}
## Summary
- Infrastructure clusters identified: {len (clusters)}
- Total domains tracked: {sum (c['domain_count' ] for c in clusters)}
- Total IPs tracked: {sum (c['ip_count' ] for c in clusters)}
- New domains detected: {len (self.alerts)}
## Top Infrastructure Hubs
| Node | Type | Connections | Centrality |
|------|------|-------------|------------|
"""
for hub in hubs[:10 ]:
report += (f"| {hub['node' ]} | {hub['type' ]} "
f"| {hub['connections' ]} | {hub['centrality' ]} |\n" )
report += "\n## Infrastructure Clusters\n"
for i, cluster in enumerate (clusters[:5 ], 1 ):
report += f"\n### Cluster {i} ({cluster['size' ]} nodes)\n"
report += f"- Domains: {', ' .join(cluster['domains' ][:5 ])} \n"
report += f"- IPs: {', ' .join(cluster['ips' ][:5 ])} \n"
with open ("infrastructure_report.md" , "w" ) as f:
f.write(report)
print ("[+] Infrastructure report saved" )
monitor = InfrastructureMonitor(tracker, known_indicators=set ())
Validation Criteria
Passive DNS queries return historical resolution data
Reverse IP lookups discover co-hosted domains
Infrastructure pivoting expands from seed indicators
Graph analysis identifies clusters and hub nodes
New infrastructure detected through pattern monitoring
Reports generated with actionable recommendations
When NOT to Use
You need to test what you built (use performing-* skills)
Task is about configuring existing systems (use configuring-* skills)
You need to analyze the output (use analyzing-* skills)
Task is about implementing vendor solutions (use implementing-* skills)
You don't have infrastructure access
Task requires compliance validation (use auditing-* skills)
Red Flags
Performing actions without explicit written authorization from the asset owner
Testing against production systems without a defined scope and rules of engagement
Sharing sensitive findings or credentials in unencrypted communications
Failing to properly scope and contain the assessment before starting
Verification
All steps executed successfully against a test environment before production use
Output documented with screenshots or logs demonstrating expected behavior
Results validated against known-good baselines or reference implementations
Documentation complete enough for another analyst to reproduce findings
References
Process
Analyze the task requirements
Apply domain expertise
Verify output quality
Anti-Rationalization Table Rationalization Reality "We are too small to be targeted" Automated attacks target everyone. Size does not matter. "Security slows us down" A breach slows you down 100x more. Build security in from the start. "We will fix it after launch" Vulnerabilities in production are exploited within hours. Fix before deploy.
