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top-web-vulnerabilities Provide a comprehensive, structured reference for the 100 most critical web application vulnerabilities organized by category. This skill enables systematic vulnerability identification, impact assessment, and remediation guidance across the full spectrum of web security threats.
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name top-web-vulnerabilities description Provide a comprehensive, structured reference for the 100 most critical web application vulnerabilities organized by category. This skill enables systematic vulnerability identification, impact assessment, and remediation guidance across the full spectrum of web security threats. risk unknown source community author zebbern date_added 2026-02-27
Top 100 Web Vulnerabilities Reference
Purpose
Provide a comprehensive, structured reference for the 100 most critical web application vulnerabilities organized by category. This skill enables systematic vulnerability identification, impact assessment, and remediation guidance across the full spectrum of web security threats. Content organized into 15 major vulnerability categories aligned with industry standards and real-world attack patterns.
Prerequisites
Basic understanding of web application architecture (client-server model, HTTP protocol)
Familiarity with common web technologies (HTML, JavaScript, SQL, XML, APIs)
Understanding of authentication and authorization concepts
Access to web application security testing tools (Burp Suite, OWASP ZAP)
Knowledge of secure coding principles recommended
Outputs and Deliverables
Complete vulnerability catalog with definitions, root causes, impacts, and mitigations
Category-based vulnerability groupings for systematic assessment
Quick reference for security testing and remediation
Foundation for vulnerability assessment checklists and security policies
Core Workflow
Phase 1: Injection Vulnerabilities Assessment Evaluate injection attack vectors targeting data processing components:
Definition: Malicious SQL code inserted into input fields to manipulate database queries
Root Cause: Lack of input validation, improper use of parameterized queries
Impact: Unauthorized data access, data manipulation, database compromise
Mitigation: Use parameterized queries/prepared statements, input validation, least privilege database accounts
Cross-Site Scripting - XSS (2)
Definition: Injection of malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users
Root Cause: Insufficient output encoding, lack of input sanitization
Impact: Session hijacking, credential theft, website defacement
Mitigation: Output encoding, Content Security Policy (CSP), input sanitization
Command Injection (5, 11)
Definition: Execution of arbitrary system commands through vulnerable applications
Root Cause: Unsanitized user input passed to system shells
Impact: Full system compromise, data exfiltration, lateral movement
Mitigation: Avoid shell execution, whitelist valid commands, strict input validation
XML Injection (6), LDAP Injection (7), XPath Injection (8)
Definition: Manipulation of XML/LDAP/XPath queries through malicious input
Root Cause: Improper input handling in query construction
Impact: Data exposure, authentication bypass, information disclosure
Mitigation: Input validation, parameterized queries, escape special characters
Server-Side Template Injection - SSTI (13)
Definition: Injection of malicious code into template engines
Root Cause: User input embedded directly in template expressions
Impact: Remote code execution, server compromise
Mitigation: Sandbox template engines, avoid user input in templates, strict input validation
Phase 2: Authentication and Session Security Assess authentication mechanism weaknesses:
Definition: Attacker sets victim's session ID before authentication
Root Cause: Session ID not regenerated after login
Impact: Session hijacking, unauthorized account access
Mitigation: Regenerate session ID on authentication, use secure session management
Definition: Systematic password guessing using automated tools
Root Cause: Lack of account lockout, rate limiting, or CAPTCHA
Impact: Unauthorized access, credential compromise
Mitigation: Account lockout policies, rate limiting, MFA, CAPTCHA
Definition: Attacker steals or predicts valid session tokens
Root Cause: Weak session token generation, insecure transmission
Impact: Account takeover, unauthorized access
Mitigation: Secure random token generation, HTTPS, HttpOnly/Secure cookie flags
Credential Stuffing and Reuse (22)
Definition: Using leaked credentials to access accounts across services
Root Cause: Users reusing passwords, no breach detection
Impact: Mass account compromise, data breaches
Mitigation: MFA, breach password checks, unique credential requirements
Insecure "Remember Me" Functionality (85)
Definition: Weak persistent authentication token implementation
Root Cause: Predictable tokens, inadequate expiration controls
Impact: Unauthorized persistent access, session compromise
Mitigation: Strong token generation, proper expiration, secure storage
Definition: Circumventing bot detection mechanisms
Root Cause: Weak CAPTCHA algorithms, improper validation
Impact: Automated attacks, credential stuffing, spam
Mitigation: reCAPTCHA v3, layered bot detection, rate limiting
Phase 3: Sensitive Data Exposure Identify data protection failures:
IDOR - Insecure Direct Object References (23, 42)
Definition: Direct access to internal objects via user-supplied references
Root Cause: Missing authorization checks on object access
Impact: Unauthorized data access, privacy breaches
Mitigation: Access control validation, indirect reference maps, authorization checks
Definition: Inadvertent disclosure of sensitive information
Root Cause: Inadequate data protection, weak access controls
Impact: Privacy breaches, regulatory penalties, reputation damage
Mitigation: DLP solutions, encryption, access controls, security training
Unencrypted Data Storage (25)
Definition: Storing sensitive data without encryption
Root Cause: Failure to implement encryption at rest
Impact: Data breaches if storage compromised
Mitigation: Full-disk encryption, database encryption, secure key management
Information Disclosure (33)
Definition: Exposure of system details through error messages or responses
Root Cause: Verbose error handling, debug information in production
Impact: Reconnaissance for further attacks, credential exposure
Mitigation: Generic error messages, disable debug mode, secure logging
Phase 4: Security Misconfiguration Assess configuration weaknesses:
Missing Security Headers (26)
Definition: Absence of protective HTTP headers (CSP, X-Frame-Options, HSTS)
Root Cause: Inadequate server configuration
Impact: XSS attacks, clickjacking, protocol downgrade
Mitigation: Implement CSP, X-Content-Type-Options, X-Frame-Options, HSTS
Definition: Unchanged default credentials on systems/applications
Root Cause: Failure to change vendor defaults
Impact: Unauthorized access, system compromise
Mitigation: Mandatory password changes, strong password policies
Definition: Web server exposes directory contents
Root Cause: Improper server configuration
Impact: Information disclosure, sensitive file exposure
Mitigation: Disable directory indexing, use default index files
Unprotected API Endpoints (30)
Definition: APIs lacking authentication or authorization
Root Cause: Missing security controls on API routes
Impact: Unauthorized data access, API abuse
Mitigation: OAuth/API keys, access controls, rate limiting
Open Ports and Services (31)
Definition: Unnecessary network services exposed
Root Cause: Failure to minimize attack surface
Impact: Exploitation of vulnerable services
Mitigation: Port scanning audits, firewall rules, service minimization
Definition: Overly permissive Cross-Origin Resource Sharing policies
Root Cause: Wildcard origins, improper CORS configuration
Impact: Cross-site request attacks, data theft
Mitigation: Whitelist trusted origins, validate CORS headers
Definition: Systems running outdated vulnerable software
Root Cause: Neglected patch management
Impact: Exploitation of known vulnerabilities
Mitigation: Patch management program, vulnerability scanning, automated updates
Phase 5: XML-Related Vulnerabilities Evaluate XML processing security:
XXE - XML External Entity Injection (37)
Definition: Exploitation of XML parsers to access files or internal systems
Root Cause: External entity processing enabled
Impact: File disclosure, SSRF, denial of service
Mitigation: Disable external entities, use safe XML parsers
XEE - XML Entity Expansion (38)
Definition: Excessive entity expansion causing resource exhaustion
Root Cause: Unlimited entity expansion allowed
Impact: Denial of service, parser crashes
Mitigation: Limit entity expansion, configure parser restrictions
XML Bomb (Billion Laughs) (39)
Definition: Crafted XML with nested entities consuming resources
Root Cause: Recursive entity definitions
Impact: Memory exhaustion, denial of service
Mitigation: Entity expansion limits, input size restrictions
XML Denial of Service (65)
Definition: Specially crafted XML causing excessive processing
Root Cause: Complex document structures without limits
Impact: CPU/memory exhaustion, service unavailability
Mitigation: Schema validation, size limits, processing timeouts
Phase 6: Broken Access Control Assess authorization enforcement:
Inadequate Authorization (40)
Definition: Failure to properly enforce access controls
Root Cause: Weak authorization policies, missing checks
Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive resources
Mitigation: RBAC, centralized IAM, regular access reviews
Privilege Escalation (41)
Definition: Gaining elevated access beyond intended permissions
Root Cause: Misconfigured permissions, system vulnerabilities
Impact: Full system compromise, data manipulation
Mitigation: Least privilege, regular patching, privilege monitoring
Definition: Direct URL manipulation to access restricted resources
Root Cause: Weak access controls, predictable URLs
Impact: Unauthorized file/directory access
Mitigation: Server-side access controls, unpredictable resource paths
Missing Function-Level Access Control (44)
Definition: Unprotected administrative or privileged functions
Root Cause: Authorization only at UI level
Impact: Unauthorized function execution
Mitigation: Server-side authorization for all functions, RBAC
Phase 7: Insecure Deserialization Evaluate object serialization security:
Remote Code Execution via Deserialization (45)
Definition: Arbitrary code execution through malicious serialized objects
Root Cause: Untrusted data deserialized without validation
Impact: Complete system compromise, code execution
Mitigation: Avoid deserializing untrusted data, integrity checks, type validation
Definition: Unauthorized modification of serialized data
Root Cause: Missing integrity verification
Impact: Data corruption, privilege manipulation
Mitigation: Digital signatures, HMAC validation, encryption
Definition: Malicious object instantiation during deserialization
Root Cause: Unsafe deserialization practices
Impact: Code execution, unauthorized access
Mitigation: Type restrictions, class whitelisting, secure libraries
Phase 8: API Security Assessment Evaluate API-specific vulnerabilities:
Insecure API Endpoints (48)
Definition: APIs without proper security controls
Root Cause: Poor API design, missing authentication
Impact: Data breaches, unauthorized access
Mitigation: OAuth/JWT, HTTPS, input validation, rate limiting
Definition: Leaked or exposed API credentials
Root Cause: Hardcoded keys, insecure storage
Impact: Unauthorized API access, abuse
Mitigation: Secure key storage, rotation, enprojectnment variables
Lack of Rate Limiting (50)
Definition: No controls on API request frequency
Root Cause: Missing throttling mechanisms
Impact: DoS, API abuse, resource exhaustion
Mitigation: Rate limits per user/IP, throttling, DDoS protection
Inadequate Input Validation (51)
Definition: APIs accepting unvalidated user input
Root Cause: Missing server-side validation
Impact: Injection attacks, data corruption
Mitigation: Strict validation, parameterized queries, WAF
Definition: Exploiting API functionality for malicious purposes
Root Cause: Excessive trust in client input
Impact: Data theft, account takeover, service abuse
Mitigation: Strong authentication, behavior analysis, anomaly detection
Phase 9: Communication Security Assess transport layer protections:
Man-in-the-Middle Attack (52)
Definition: Interception of communication between parties
Root Cause: Unencrypted channels, compromised networks
Impact: Data theft, session hijacking, impersonation
Mitigation: TLS/SSL, certificate pinning, mutual authentication
Insufficient Transport Layer Security (53)
Definition: Weak or outdated encryption for data in transit
Root Cause: Outdated protocols (SSLv2/3), weak ciphers
Impact: Traffic interception, credential theft
Mitigation: TLS 1.2+, strong cipher suites, HSTS
Insecure SSL/TLS Configuration (54)
Definition: Improperly configured encryption settings
Root Cause: Weak ciphers, missing forward secrecy
Impact: Traffic decryption, MITM attacks
Mitigation: Modern cipher suites, PFS, certificate validation
Insecure Communication Protocols (55)
Definition: Use of unencrypted protocols (HTTP, Telnet, FTP)
Root Cause: Legacy systems, security unawareness
Impact: Traffic sniffing, credential exposure
Mitigation: HTTPS, SSH, SFTP, VPN tunnels
Phase 10: Client-Side Vulnerabilities Evaluate browser-side security:
Definition: XSS through client-side JavaScript manipulation
Root Cause: Unsafe DOM manipulation with user input
Impact: Session theft, credential harvesting
Mitigation: Safe DOM APIs, CSP, input sanitization
Insecure Cross-Origin Communication (57)
Definition: Improper handling of cross-origin requests
Root Cause: Relaxed CORS/SOP policies
Impact: Data leakage, CSRF attacks
Mitigation: Strict CORS, CSRF tokens, origin validation
Browser Cache Poisoning (58)
Definition: Manipulation of cached content
Root Cause: Weak cache validation
Impact: Malicious content delivery
Mitigation: Cache-Control headers, HTTPS, integrity checks
Definition: UI redress attack tricking users into clicking hidden elements
Root Cause: Missing frame protection
Impact: Unintended actions, credential theft
Mitigation: X-Frame-Options, CSP frame-ancestors, frame-busting
HTML5 Security Issues (60)
Definition: Vulnerabilities in HTML5 APIs (WebSockets, Storage, Geolocation)
Root Cause: Improper API usage, insufficient validation
Impact: Data leakage, XSS, privacy violations
Mitigation: Secure API usage, input validation, sandboxing
Phase 11: Denial of Service Assessment Evaluate availability threats:
DDoS - Distributed Denial of Service (61)
Definition: Overwhelming systems with traffic from multiple sources
Root Cause: Botnets, amplification attacks
Impact: Service unavailability, revenue loss
Mitigation: DDoS protection services, rate limiting, CDN
Application Layer DoS (62)
Definition: Targeting application logic to exhaust resources
Root Cause: Inefficient code, resource-intensive operations
Impact: Application unavailability, degraded performance
Mitigation: Rate limiting, caching, WAF, code optimization
Definition: Depleting CPU, memory, disk, or network resources
Root Cause: Inefficient resource management
Impact: System crashes, service degradation
Mitigation: Resource quotas, monitoring, load balancing
Definition: Keeping connections open with partial HTTP requests
Root Cause: No connection timeouts
Impact: Web server resource exhaustion
Mitigation: Connection timeouts, request limits, reverse proxy
Phase 12: Server-Side Request Forgery Assess SSRF vulnerabilities:
SSRF - Server-Side Request Forgery (66)
Definition: Manipulating server to make requests to internal resources
Root Cause: Unvalidated user-controlled URLs
Impact: Internal network access, data theft, cloud metadata access
Mitigation: URL whitelisting, network segmentation, egress filtering
Definition: SSRF without direct response visibility
Root Cause: Similar to SSRF, harder to detect
Impact: Data exfiltration, internal reconnaissance
Mitigation: Allowlists, WAF, network restrictions
Time-Based Blind SSRF (88)
Definition: Inferring SSRF success through response timing
Root Cause: Processing delays indicating request outcomes
Impact: Prolonged exploitation, detection evasion
Mitigation: Request timeouts, anomaly detection, timing monitoring
Phase 13: Additional Web Vulnerabilities # Vulnerability Root Cause Impact Mitigation 67 HTTP Parameter Pollution Inconsistent parsing Injection, ACL bypass Strict parsing, validation 68 Insecure Redirects Unvalidated targets Phishing, malware Whitelist destinations 69 File Inclusion (LFI/RFI) Unvalidated paths Code exec, disclosure Whitelist files, disable RFI 70 Security Header Bypass Misconfigured headers XSS, clickjacking Proper headers, audits 72 Inadequate Session Timeout Excessive timeouts Session hijacking Idle termination, timeouts 73 Insufficient Logging Missing infrastructure Detection gaps SIEM, alerting 74 Business Logic Flaws Insecure design Fraud, unauthorized ops Threat modeling, testing
Phase 14: Mobile and IoT Security # Vulnerability Root Cause Impact Mitigation 76 Insecure Mobile Storage Plain text, weak crypto Data theft Keychain/Keystore, encrypt 77 Insecure Mobile Transmission HTTP, cert failures Traffic interception TLS, cert pinning 78 Insecure Mobile APIs Missing auth/validation Data exposure OAuth/JWT, validation 79 App Reverse Engineering Hardcoded creds Credential theft Obfuscation, RASP 80 IoT Management Issues Weak auth, no TLS Device takeover Strong auth, TLS 81 Weak IoT Authentication Default passwords Unauthorized access Unique creds, MFA 82 IoT Vulnerabilities Design flaws, old firmware Botnet recruitment Updates, segmentation 83 Smart Home Access Insecure defaults Privacy invasion MFA, segmentation 84 IoT Privacy Issues Excessive collection Surveillance Data minimization
Phase 15: Advanced and Zero-Day Threats # Vulnerability Root Cause Impact Mitigation 89 MIME Sniffing Missing headers XSS, spoofing X-Content-Type-Options 91 CSP Bypass Weak config XSS despite CSP Strict CSP, nonces 92 Inconsistent Validation Decentralized logic Control bypass Centralized validation 93 Race Conditions Missing sync Privilege escalation Proper locking 94-95 Business Logic Flaws Missing validation Financial fraud Server-side validation 96 Account Enumeration Different responses Targeted attacks Uniform responses 98-99 Unpatched Vulnerabilities Patch delays Zero-day exploitation Patch management 100 Zero-Day Exploits Unknown vulns Unmitigated attacks Defense in depth
Quick Reference
Vulnerability Categories Summary Category Vulnerability Numbers Key Controls Injection 1-13 Parameterized queries, input validation, output encoding Authentication 14-23, 85-86 MFA, session management, account lockout Data Exposure 24-27 Encryption at rest/transit, access controls, DLP Misconfiguration 28-36 Secure defaults, hardening, patching XML 37-39, 65 Disable external entities, limit expansion Access Control 40-44 RBAC, least privilege, authorization checks Deserialization 45-47 Avoid untrusted data, integrity validation API Security 48-51, 75 OAuth, rate limiting, input validation Communication 52-55 TLS 1.2+, certificate validation, HTTPS Client-Side 56-60 CSP, X-Frame-Options, safe DOM DoS 61-65 Rate limiting, DDoS protection, resource limits SSRF 66, 87-88 URL whitelisting, egress filtering Mobile/IoT 76-84 Encryption, authentication, secure storage Business Logic 74, 92-97 Threat modeling, logic testing Zero-Day 98-100 Defense in depth, threat intelligence
Critical Security Headers Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains
Referrer-Policy: strict-origin-when-cross-origin
Permissions-Policy: geolocation=(), microphone=()
OWASP Top 10 Mapping OWASP 2021 Related Vulnerabilities A01: Broken Access Control 40-44, 23, 74 A02: Cryptographic Failures 24-25, 53-55 A03: Injection 1-13, 37-39 A04: Insecure Design 74, 92-97 A05: Security Misconfiguration 26-36 A06: Vulnerable Components 34, 98-100 A07: Auth Failures 14-23, 85-86 A08: Data Integrity 45-47 A09: Logging Failures 73 A10: SSRF 66, 87-88
Constraints and Limitations
Vulnerability definitions represent common patterns; specific implementations vary
Mitigations must be adapted to technology stack and architecture
New vulnerabilities emerge continuously; reference should be updated
Some vulnerabilities overlap across categories (e.g., IDOR appears in multiple contexts)
Effectiveness of mitigations depends on proper implementation
Automated scanners cannot detect all vulnerability types (especially business logic)
Troubleshooting
Common Assessment Challenges Challenge Solution False positives in scanning Manual verification, contextual analysis Business logic flaws missed Manual testing, threat modeling, abuse case analysis Encrypted traffic analysis Proxy configuration, certificate installation WAF blocking tests Rate adjustment, IP rotation, payload encoding Session handling issues Cookie management, authentication state tracking API discovery Swagger/OpenAPI enumeration, traffic analysis
Vulnerability Verification Techniques Vulnerability Type Verification Approach Injection Payload testing with encoded variants XSS Alert boxes, cookie access, DOM inspection CSRF Cross-origin form submission testing SSRF Out-of-band DNS/HTTP callbacks XXE External entity with controlled server Access Control Horizontal/vertical privilege testing Authentication Credential rotation, session analysis
References
OWASP Top 10 Web Application Security Risks
CWE/SANS Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Errors
OWASP Testing Guide
OWASP Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS)
NIST Cybersecurity Framework
Source: Kumar MS - Top 100 Web Vulnerabilities
When to Use This skill is applicable to execute the workflow or actions described in the overview.
