publish-substack-article

name	publish-substack-article
description	Publish Markdown articles to Substack as drafts. Use when user wants to publish a Markdown file to Substack, or mentions "发布到 Substack", "Substack article", "publish to Substack". Handles Markdown-to-HTML conversion and saves as draft (never auto-publish).

Publish Substack Article

Publish Markdown content to Substack post editor, converting Markdown to HTML and pasting as rich text. Saves as draft for user review before publishing.

Prerequisites

• Browser automation MCP (either one):
  • Chrome DevTools MCP (mcp__chrome-devtools__*)
  • Playwright MCP (mcp__playwright__*)
• User logged into Substack
• Python 3 with markdown package (pip install markdown)
• copy_to_clipboard.py script (shared from publish-zsxq-article skill)

Browser MCP Tool Mapping

This skill works with both Chrome DevTools MCP and Playwright MCP:

Action	Chrome DevTools MCP	Playwright MCP
Navigate	navigate_page	browser_navigate
Take snapshot	take_snapshot	browser_snapshot
Take screenshot	take_screenshot	browser_take_screenshot
Click element	click	browser_click
Fill text	fill	browser_type
Upload file	upload_file	browser_file_upload
Press key	press_key	browser_press_key
Evaluate JS	evaluate_script	browser_evaluate

Priority: Default to Playwright MCP. Use Chrome DevTools MCP only when Playwright MCP is unavailable.

Detection: At runtime, prefer mcp__playwright__browser_navigate. Fall back to mcp__chrome-devtools__navigate_page only if Playwright tools are not available.

Key URLs

• Substack dashboard: https://{publication}.substack.com/publish
• Post editor: https://{publication}.substack.com/publish/post/{postId}

Publication Resolution

The Substack publication subdomain (e.g., verysmallwoods in verysmallwoods.substack.com) is required to navigate to the dashboard. Do not hardcode a default.

Before any navigation, resolve the publication in this order:

1. Skill argument — if the user invoked the skill with a publication subdomain, use it.
2. Environment variable — check SUBSTACK_PUBLICATION (optional, for users who publish repeatedly to the same publication).
3. Prompt the user if neither is available:

   请提供 Substack publication subdomain（例如 verysmallwoods.substack.com 里的 verysmallwoods）。

Do not proceed to Step 3 (Navigate) without a resolved publication subdomain.

Editor Interface

The Substack post editor uses Tiptap (ProseMirror-based WYSIWYG editor).

Key Elements

• Title input: textbox "title" (placeholder: "Title")
• Subtitle input: textbox "Add a subtitle…"
• Content area: .ProseMirror (Tiptap editor, "Start writing...")
• Save status: button "Saved" (auto-saves)
• Preview button: button "Preview"
• Continue button: button "Continue" (publish flow - DO NOT USE)
• Settings sidebar: button "Settings" (title, description, thumbnail)

Settings Sidebar (left panel)

When "Settings" or "File Settings" is open:

• Title: textbox "Add a title..."
• Description: textbox "Add a description..."
• Thumbnail: Upload button (3:2 aspect ratio)

Toolbar

Bold, Italic, Strikethrough, Code, Link, Image, Audio, Video, Quote, Lists (bullet/ordered), Button, More (Code block, Divider, Footnote, LaTeX, etc.)

Content Insertion Method

CRITICAL: Use clipboard paste with HTML content, NOT direct fill or plain Markdown paste.

The Tiptap editor handles HTML paste natively and renders it as rich content. The workflow is:

1. Convert Markdown to HTML using Python's markdown library
2. Copy HTML to system clipboard using copy_to_clipboard.py html
3. Focus the editor content area
4. Press Cmd+V (macOS) or Ctrl+V (Windows/Linux) to paste

Why HTML paste?

• fill tool → Content treated as plain text, no formatting
• Plain Markdown paste → Tiptap does NOT parse Markdown on paste
• HTML paste → Tiptap renders HTML as rich content (headings, code blocks, links, bold, etc.)

Known limitation: Substack's editor does NOT support HTML tables. Tables will be collapsed into plain text. See Step 0: Pre-Processing for converting tables to images.

Main Workflow

Step 0: Pre-Processing — Convert Tables to Images

Substack does NOT render HTML tables. They collapse into plain text. Any Markdown table must be converted to a PNG image and uploaded separately.

Workflow:

1. Detect tables in the Markdown file (lines with | forming table structure)

2. Convert each table to PNG using the diagram-to-image skill:

# Extract table to temp file
cat > /tmp/table1.md << 'TABLE_EOF'
| Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 |
|----------|----------|----------|
| Data 1   | Data 2   | Data 3   |
TABLE_EOF

# Convert via diagramless.xyz API (auto-detects as table)
node ~/.claude/skills/diagram-to-image/scripts/diagram-to-image.mjs /tmp/table1.md -o /tmp/table1.png

3. Note the position of each table in the article for later insertion (after which heading/paragraph)

4. Remove table Markdown from the content before HTML conversion (so it won't appear as plain text in the pasted content)

Image upload happens after pasting the main content — see Step 7.

Step 1: Prepare Content

Read the Markdown file and extract:

• Title: from YAML frontmatter title field, or H1 header # Title, or filename
• Subtitle: from YAML frontmatter excerpt or description field
• Content: full Markdown body (strip YAML frontmatter and any cross-reference links)

Step 2: Convert Markdown to HTML

Use Python's markdown library with tables and fenced_code extensions:

import markdown
import re

with open('/path/to/article.md', 'r') as f:
    content = f.read()

# Strip YAML frontmatter
content = re.sub(r'^---\n.*?\n---\n', '', content, flags=re.DOTALL)

# Strip cross-reference links (e.g., English version link)
# Adjust pattern as needed for your articles
content = re.sub(r'^> .* available at.*\n\n?', '', content, flags=re.MULTILINE)

# Convert to HTML
html = markdown.markdown(content, extensions=['tables', 'fenced_code'])

# Write to temp file
with open('/tmp/substack_article.html', 'w') as f:
    f.write(html)

IMPORTANT: Do NOT use nl2br extension - it converts single newlines to <br> tags, causing extra line breaks in the editor.

Step 3: Navigate to Substack

Navigate to the Substack dashboard and create a new post:

# Navigate to Substack dashboard
navigate to: https://{publication}.substack.com/publish

If not logged in, prompt user to log in:

请先登录 Substack，登录完成后告诉我。
Please log in to Substack first, then let me know.

Step 4: Create New Post

From the dashboard, create a new text post:

1. Click "Create new" in the sidebar
2. Select "Text post" (or navigate directly to a new post URL)

Alternatively, if the editor is already open with an empty post, proceed directly.

Step 5: Fill Title and Subtitle

1. Click the title textbox (textbox "title")
2. Type the article title
3. Click the subtitle textbox (textbox "Add a subtitle…")
4. Type the subtitle/excerpt

click: title textbox
fill/type: article title

click: subtitle textbox
fill/type: article subtitle

Step 6: Insert HTML Content (via Clipboard Paste)

CRITICAL: Do NOT use fill tool - it inserts plain text without formatting.

1. Copy HTML to system clipboard:

python3 /path/to/copy_to_clipboard.py html --file /tmp/substack_article.html

2. Click the editor content area (.ProseMirror or paragraph element inside it)

3. Press Cmd+V to paste:

press_key: Meta+v  (macOS)
press_key: Control+v  (Windows/Linux)

This triggers Tiptap's HTML paste handler, which renders the content as rich text with proper formatting.

Step 7: Insert Table Images

If the article had tables converted to images in Step 0, insert them now:

1. Navigate to the correct position in the editor — click on the paragraph or empty line where the table should appear (after the relevant heading/text)

2. Click the Image toolbar button (button "Image") — a dropdown menu appears with options: Image, Gallery, Stock photos, Generate image

3. Click "Image" menuitem from the dropdown — a file chooser dialog opens

4. Upload the image via file chooser:

   • Playwright MCP: browser_file_upload with the image path
   • Chrome DevTools MCP: upload_file with the image path

Important notes:

• File path restriction: Playwright MCP only allows file uploads from within allowed roots (project directories). If your image is in /tmp/, copy it to the project directory first
• Repeat for each table: Position cursor at the correct location, then upload each table image
• Delete residual text: If table content was pasted as plain text (because it wasn't removed in pre-processing), select it (triple-click to select paragraph) and delete before inserting the image

Step 8: Verify Draft

After pasting:

1. Check the "Saved" status indicator (green dot + "Saved" text)
2. Take a snapshot to verify content structure
3. Optionally take a screenshot for visual verification

The editor auto-saves, so no explicit save action is needed.

Step 9: Report Completion

草稿已保存到 Substack。请在 Substack 中预览并手动发布。
Draft saved to Substack. Please preview and publish manually.

Post URL: https://{publication}.substack.com/publish/post/{postId}

Complete Example Flow

User: "把 /path/to/my-article.md 发布到 Substack"

0. Pre-process tables (if any)
   - Detect Markdown tables
   - Create styled HTML for each table
   - Render to screenshots (open in browser, screenshot, close tab)
   - Remove table Markdown from content
   - Note insertion positions

1. Read /path/to/my-article.md
   - Extract title from frontmatter or H1
   - Extract subtitle from frontmatter excerpt
   - Get full Markdown content (with tables removed)

2. Convert Markdown to HTML
   - Strip frontmatter
   - Use markdown.markdown() with ['tables', 'fenced_code']
   - Write to /tmp/substack_article.html

3. Navigate to Substack dashboard or new post

4. Check if logged in
   - If not, prompt user to login

5. Fill title and subtitle

6. Copy HTML to clipboard + Paste
   - python3 copy_to_clipboard.py html --file /tmp/substack_article.html
   - Click editor content area
   - Press Cmd+V

7. Insert table images at correct positions
   - For each table: click position → Image button → Image menuitem → file upload

8. Verify draft saved
   - Check "Saved" status

9. Report success
   - "草稿已保存，请手动预览并发布"

Critical Rules

1. NEVER click "Continue" - This starts the publish flow. Only save as draft (auto-save handles this)
2. Always convert to HTML first - Plain Markdown will not be parsed by the Tiptap editor
3. Use clipboard paste - The only reliable way to insert formatted content
4. Check login status - Prompt user to login if needed
5. Preserve original file - Never modify the source Markdown file
6. Report completion - Tell user the draft is saved and needs manual review
7. No nl2br extension - Causes double line breaks
8. Tables → images - Pre-process tables before pasting content; upload images after paste
9. Playwright file paths - Playwright MCP restricts file uploads to allowed roots; copy temp files to project directory before uploading
10. Resolve publication first - Never hardcode a publication subdomain. Resolve via skill argument, SUBSTACK_PUBLICATION env var, or user prompt before any navigation (see Publication Resolution)
11. Prefer Playwright MCP - Default to Playwright MCP; only use Chrome DevTools MCP when Playwright is unavailable

Troubleshooting

Content Shows as Plain Text (No Formatting)

If you see raw HTML tags or unformatted text:

• Cause: Content was inserted using fill tool instead of clipboard paste
• Solution: Use the copy_to_clipboard.py + Cmd+V method (see Step 6)

Tables Not Rendering (Shows Plain Text)

Substack's Tiptap editor does not support HTML tables. They collapse into inline plain text.

• Solution: Convert tables to PNG via diagram-to-image skill → upload as images (see Step 0 and Step 7)
• Alternative: Restructure simple tables as formatted lists
• If plain text already pasted: Triple-click the plain text paragraph to select it, press Backspace to delete, then insert the table image at that position

Login Required

If page shows login prompt:

请先登录 Substack: https://{publication}.substack.com
登录完成后告诉我。

Editor Not Loading

If editor elements are not visible:

1. Wait for page to fully load
2. Take a new snapshot
3. If still not loading, refresh the page

Clipboard Copy Fails

If copy_to_clipboard.py fails:

• Ensure dependencies: pip install pyobjc-framework-Cocoa (macOS)
• Check the HTML file exists and is readable
• Try copying a smaller test string first

Element Reference

Element	Selector/Identifier	Description
Title input	textbox "title"	Post title
Subtitle input	textbox "Add a subtitle…"	Post subtitle
Content area	.ProseMirror (Tiptap editor)	Post content
Save status	button "Saved"	Auto-save indicator
Preview button	button "Preview"	Preview post
Continue button	button "Continue"	DO NOT USE - starts publish flow
Settings button	button "Settings"	Open settings sidebar
Exit button	button "Exit"	Exit editor
Image button	button "Image"	Opens image upload dropdown
Image menuitem	menuitem "Image"	Opens file chooser for image upload
Author button	button "{PublicationName}"	Author/publication selector

Technical Details

Editor Stack

• Tiptap: A headless, framework-agnostic rich-text editor built on ProseMirror
• ProseMirror: The underlying rich-text editing framework
• Paste handling: Tiptap natively parses HTML from clipboard and converts to its internal document model

Content Conversion Pipeline

Markdown file
    ↓ (Python markdown library)
HTML string
    ↓ (copy_to_clipboard.py)
System clipboard (text/html + text/plain)
    ↓ (Cmd+V keyboard shortcut)
Tiptap ProseMirror editor
    ↓ (auto-save)
Substack draft

Supported Formatting

The following Markdown elements are correctly rendered after HTML conversion and paste:

Markdown Element	Substack Support	Notes
Headings (H2-H6)	Yes	H1 not recommended (title is separate)
Bold / Italic	Yes
Inline code	Yes
Code blocks	Yes	Syntax highlighting may vary
Links	Yes
Blockquotes	Yes
Bullet lists	Yes
Ordered lists	Yes
Horizontal rules	Yes
Tables	No → Image	Convert via diagram-to-image skill, upload as image
Images	Manual	Upload via Image toolbar button → file chooser