Ensure data privacy compliance covering GDPR obligations, user consent management, data retention policies, PII detection, and data anonymisation with realistic synthetic data
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Ensure data privacy compliance covering GDPR obligations, user consent management, data retention policies, PII detection, and data anonymisation with realistic synthetic data
ALWAYS use British English in output, comments, and documentation
ALWAYS verify that a valid legal basis (Article 6 GDPR) exists for every personal data processing operation
ALWAYS verify that explicit consent is collected before processing data that relies on consent as legal basis
ALWAYS verify that consent is freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous (Article 7 GDPR)
ALWAYS verify that data retention periods are defined, documented, and enforced for every data category
ALWAYS detect ALL categories of PII before generating replacements
ALWAYS replace PII with realistic synthetic data that preserves the same format and structure
ALWAYS ensure synthetic replacements are deterministic within a single document (same input entity → same synthetic output across all occurrences)
ALWAYS preserve the semantic structure and readability of the original text
ALWAYS flag special category data (Article 9 GDPR) with elevated severity
ALWAYS report confidence level for each detection (HIGH, MEDIUM, LOW)
NEVER approve a design that collects personal data without a documented legal basis
NEVER approve pre-ticked consent checkboxes or bundled consent
NEVER approve indefinite data retention ("keep forever") without explicit legal justification
NEVER produce synthetic data that accidentally matches real individuals, organisations, or addresses
NEVER leave partial PII visible (e.g., masking only part of a name but leaving the surname)
NEVER use obviously fake placeholders like "REDACTED", "XXX", or "John Doe" — generate diverse, realistic synthetic identities
NEVER store or log the mapping between real and synthetic data unless explicitly requested
NEVER modify non-PII content; only PII entities are replaced
Workflow
Follow these steps in order when performing a data privacy review.
Step 1: Determine scope
Identify what kind of review is needed:
What is the user requesting?
├── Full data privacy review → Proceed with all sections (GDPR, consent, retention, PII)
├── GDPR compliance check → Focus on legal basis, consent, retention
├── Consent review → Focus on consent management
├── Retention review → Focus on data retention
├── PII detection only → Focus on PII detection (detect, report, no replacement)
├── PII anonymisation → Focus on PII detection + replace with synthetic data
└── Mixed → Combine relevant sections
Step 2: GDPR compliance assessment
For each data processing operation identified:
Identify what personal data is collected
Verify a legal basis exists (Article 6)
Check if special category data is involved (Article 9)
Verify data subject rights are supported (Articles 13-22)
Check data protection by design measures (Article 25)
Verify Data Processing Impact Assessment exists for high-risk processing (Article 35)
Step 3: Consent validation
If consent is used as legal basis:
Run through the Consent Checklist
Verify consent architecture matches an approved pattern (A, B, or C)
Check for consent anti-patterns — flag any found as CRITICAL
Verify consent withdrawal mechanism exists and works
Step 4: Retention assessment
For each data category:
Run through the Retention Checklist
Apply the Retention Decision Tree
Verify automated deletion mechanisms exist
Flag any data category with undefined or indefinite retention as CRITICAL
Step 5: PII detection (if applicable)
Scan the text/code and tag every PII entity found:
Apply Tier 1 patterns (direct identifiers) — HIGH priority
Apply Tier 2 patterns (indirect identifiers) — MEDIUM priority
Start with longest matches first (avoid partial replacements)
Replace all occurrences of each entity with its synthetic counterpart
Verify no original PII remains after replacement
Verify no synthetic data accidentally matches other real entities in the text
Step 8: Validate output
For anonymisation:
Is any original PII still present?
├── YES → Fix missed replacements, return to Step 7
└── NO → Continue
Does the text remain readable and coherent?
├── YES → Continue
└── NO → Adjust synthetic data for better readability
Are there any synthetic collisions with real data?
├── YES → Regenerate colliding synthetic values
└── NO → Output is ready
Step 9: Report findings
Present findings ordered by severity (critical, high, medium, low) with GDPR article references and remediation advice.
GDPR Compliance Framework
What is personal data? (Article 4 GDPR)
Personal data means any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person ("data subject"). An identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, by reference to an identifier such as:
A name
An identification number
Location data
An online identifier
One or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural, or social identity of that natural person
Special category data (Article 9 GDPR)
Processing of special category data is prohibited unless explicit consent or legal basis exists:
Racial or ethnic origin
Political opinions
Religious or philosophical beliefs
Trade union membership
Genetic data
Biometric data (for identification purposes)
Health data
Sex life or sexual orientation data
Data protection principles (Article 5 GDPR)
All data processing must comply with these principles:
Lawfulness, fairness, and transparency — Data must be processed lawfully, fairly, and transparently
Purpose limitation — Data must be collected for specified, explicit, and legitimate purposes
Data minimisation — Only process data that is necessary for the stated purpose
Accuracy — Data must be accurate and kept up to date
Storage limitation — Data must not be kept longer than necessary
Integrity and confidentiality — Data must be protected against unauthorised access, loss, or destruction
Accountability — The controller must demonstrate compliance with all principles
Legal bases for processing (Article 6 GDPR)
Processing is lawful only if at least one of the following applies:
Legal Basis
When to Use
Example
Consent (Art. 6(1)(a))
User freely agrees to processing for a specific purpose
Marketing emails, analytics cookies
Contract (Art. 6(1)(b))
Processing is necessary to perform a contract with the data subject
Processing an order, delivering a service
Legal obligation (Art. 6(1)(c))
Processing is required by law
Tax records, anti-money laundering checks
Vital interests (Art. 6(1)(d))
Processing protects someone's life
Emergency medical situations
Public task (Art. 6(1)(e))
Processing is necessary for a task in the public interest
Public health reporting
Legitimate interests (Art. 6(1)(f))
Processing is necessary for legitimate interests, balanced against data subject rights
Fraud prevention, network security
Data subject rights
The system must support exercising these rights:
Right
GDPR Article
Implementation Requirement
Right to be informed
Art. 13-14
Clear privacy notice at point of collection
Right of access
Art. 15
Data export/download within 30 days
Right to rectification
Art. 16
Edit personal data via self-service or request
Right to erasure ("right to be forgotten")
Art. 17
Delete personal data on request (with exceptions)
Right to restrict processing
Art. 18
Pause processing while disputes are resolved
Right to data portability
Art. 20
Export data in machine-readable format (JSON, CSV)
Right to object
Art. 21
Opt out of processing based on legitimate interests
Rights related to automated decision-making
Art. 22
Human review for automated decisions with significant effects
Data protection by design and by default (Article 25 GDPR)
Every system must implement:
Privacy by design — Build privacy into the architecture from the start, not as an afterthought
Privacy by default — Only process data that is strictly necessary; default settings must be the most privacy-friendly
Organisational measures — Policies, training, DPIAs, data processing agreements
Consent Management
Consent requirements (Article 7 GDPR)
Valid consent must be:
Freely given — No detriment for refusing; no power imbalance exploitation
Specific — Separate consent for each distinct processing purpose
Informed — Clear explanation of what data is collected, why, and by whom
Unambiguous — Requires a clear affirmative action (opt-in, not opt-out)
Consent checklist
When reviewing a system for consent compliance, verify:
#
Check
1
Consent is collected via an affirmative action (checkbox, toggle, click) — never pre-ticked
2
Each processing purpose has its own separate consent request
3
The consent request clearly states: what data, why, who processes it, how long
4
Users can withdraw consent as easily as they gave it (same number of clicks)
5
Consent withdrawal actually stops the associated processing
6
Consent records are stored with timestamp, user ID, version, and scope
7
Consent is re-requested when the processing purpose changes
8
Minor users (under 16, or under 13 in some jurisdictions) have parental consent
9
Consent is not bundled with terms of service acceptance
10
Users can view and manage their active consents in a self-service dashboard
Consent architecture patterns
Pattern A: Granular consent with preference centre
User registers
→ Present granular consent options:
[ ] Marketing emails
[ ] Third-party data sharing
[ ] Analytics and personalisation
[ ] Location-based services
→ Store each consent separately with metadata:
{ purpose, granted: true/false, timestamp, version, method }
→ Provide "Manage Preferences" dashboard:
- View all active consents
- Toggle each on/off
- Changes take effect immediately
Pattern B: Just-in-time consent
User reaches feature requiring additional data
→ Display contextual consent prompt:
"To enable [feature], we need to collect [data].
This will be used for [purpose] and stored for [duration].
[Allow] [Decline]"
→ If declined, gracefully degrade feature
→ Store consent decision with context
Pattern C: Cookie/tracking consent banner
First visit
→ Display non-blocking consent banner:
"We use cookies for [purposes].
[Accept All] [Reject All] [Manage Preferences]"
→ No tracking scripts loaded until consent is given
→ Preferences stored in first-party cookie
→ Re-prompt annually or when categories change
Consent anti-patterns (MUST REJECT)
❌ Pre-ticked consent checkboxes
❌ "By continuing to use this site, you consent to..."
❌ Consent buried in terms of service
❌ No way to withdraw consent
❌ Withdrawal harder than granting (e.g., grant = 1 click, withdraw = email support)
❌ Bundled consent (single checkbox for multiple unrelated purposes)
❌ Ignoring consent withdrawal (processing continues after opt-out)
❌ No consent records (cannot demonstrate when/how consent was obtained)
Data Retention
Retention principles
Define retention periods for every data category before collection begins
Document the legal basis for each retention period (regulatory requirement, contract, legitimate interest)
Automate deletion — manual deletion processes are error-prone and non-compliant
Log retention actions — record when data was created, when it expires, and when it was deleted
Apply the minimum principle — if you don't need it, don't keep it
Retention policy template
Every data category must have a documented retention policy:
Data Category
Retention Period
Legal Basis
Deletion Method
Review Cycle
User account data
Duration of contract + 30 days
Art. 6(1)(b) Contract
Hard delete from DB, remove backups within 90 days
Annual
Transaction records
7 years from transaction date
Art. 6(1)(c) Legal obligation (tax law)
Archive → purge after 7 years
Annual
Marketing consent records
3 years from last interaction
Art. 6(1)(a) Consent
Soft delete, then hard delete after 90 days
Biannual
Session/access logs
90 days
Art. 6(1)(f) Legitimate interests (security)
Auto-purge via log rotation
Quarterly
Support tickets
2 years from resolution
Art. 6(1)(b) Contract
Anonymise PII, keep metadata
Annual
Analytics data
26 months from collection
Art. 6(1)(a) Consent
Auto-purge or aggregate/anonymise
Annual
Backup data
Same as source data + 90 days
Mirrors source legal basis
Rotate backups, verify purge
Quarterly
Retention checklist
#
Check
1
Every data category has a defined retention period
2
Retention periods have a documented legal basis
3
Automated deletion/anonymisation is implemented
4
Deletion includes backups and replicas (within defined grace period)
5
Retention schedule is reviewed at the documented review cycle
6
Data subject erasure requests are fulfilled within 30 days
7
Audit trail exists for all retention actions (creation, expiry, deletion)
8
"Right to be forgotten" requests cascade to third-party processors
9
No data category has "indefinite" retention without legal justification
10
Retention exceptions (legal hold, active investigation) are documented
Data lifecycle management
Collection → Processing → Storage → Retention → Deletion/Anonymisation
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Consent Purpose Encryption Schedule Hard delete
recorded validated at rest enforced or anonymise
PII Detection Categories
Tier 1: Direct identifiers (HIGH severity)
These directly identify a natural person:
Category
Examples
Detection Patterns
Full name
"María García López", "John Smith"
Two or more capitalised words in name context; salutation + word patterns
(Expand pools as needed for other cultural contexts.)
Decision trees
When to anonymise vs when to flag only
Is the user requesting anonymisation (replace PII)?
├── YES → Detect PII + generate synthetic replacements + produce anonymised text
└── NO → Is the user requesting PII detection only?
├── YES → Detect PII + report findings without replacement
└── NO → Is this a security review that found PII in code?
├── YES → Flag as finding in security report format
│ Suggest: "Use @security with 'anonymise' for synthetic replacement"
└── NO → Not applicable
How to determine confidence level
Does the pattern match exactly (email regex, phone format, ID format)?
├── YES → HIGH confidence
└── NO → Does the context strongly suggest PII (preceded by "name:", "email:", "tel:")?
├── YES → MEDIUM confidence
└── NO → Is it a partial or ambiguous match?
├── YES → LOW confidence (flag but ask user to confirm)
└── NO → Do not flag
How to handle mixed-language text
Does the text contain multiple languages?
├── YES → Identify primary language per paragraph/section
│ Apply language-appropriate name pools
│ Preserve original language in synthetic output
└── NO → Apply single-language name pool matching the text
How to handle special category data
Is the detected PII special category (Article 9)?
├── YES → Assign CRITICAL severity
│ Warn: "Special category data detected. Ensure legal basis exists for processing."
│ Replace with different but plausible value from same category
│ Include explicit GDPR Article 9 reference in report
└── NO → Assign severity based on tier (Tier 1 = HIGH, Tier 2 = MEDIUM, Tier 3 = LOW)
Retention decision tree
Is there a legal obligation to retain the data?
├── YES → Set retention period to legal requirement (e.g., 7 years for tax records)
│ Document the specific law or regulation
│ Implement automated deletion on expiry
└── NO → Is the data needed for contract performance?
├── YES → Retain for duration of contract + reasonable wind-down period
│ Define wind-down period (e.g., 30 days)
│ Delete when contract ends + wind-down expires
└── NO → Is the data retained based on consent?
├── YES → Retain until consent is withdrawn or purpose expires
│ Define a maximum retention period (e.g., 26 months)
│ Delete promptly on consent withdrawal
└── NO → Is there a legitimate interest?
├── YES → Document the interest and balancing test
│ Set shortest reasonable retention period
│ Review retention regularly
└── NO → DELETE IMMEDIATELY — no legal basis to retain
When to require a DPIA
Does the processing involve:
├── Large-scale processing of special category data? → DPIA REQUIRED
├── Systematic monitoring of publicly accessible areas? → DPIA REQUIRED
├── Automated decision-making with legal/significant effects? → DPIA REQUIRED
├── Large-scale profiling? → DPIA REQUIRED
├── New technologies with high risk to rights? → DPIA REQUIRED
├── Cross-border data transfers to non-adequate countries? → DPIA RECOMMENDED
└── None of the above → DPIA not required (but recommended for high-risk processing)
Examples
Example 1: Consent management review
Input:
A registration form that asks users to accept terms and conditions with a single pre-ticked checkbox that also covers marketing emails and third-party sharing.
Review Output:
Critical Issues:
❌ Pre-ticked checkbox violates Article 7 GDPR — Consent must require an affirmative action. Pre-ticked boxes do not constitute valid consent.
Remediation: Replace with unticked checkboxes that users must actively select.
❌ Bundled consent violates purpose limitation — Separate consent required for: (a) Terms of Service acceptance, (b) Marketing emails, (c) Third-party data sharing.
Remediation: Provide three separate checkboxes with clear descriptions of each purpose.
❌ No consent withdrawal mechanism — Users cannot revoke marketing or sharing consent after registration.
Remediation: Implement a preference centre accessible from user settings.
Example 2: Retention policy review
Input:
A system that stores user session logs indefinitely and keeps deleted user accounts in a "soft delete" state forever.
Review Output:
Critical Issues:
❌ Indefinite session log retention violates storage limitation (Article 5(1)(e)) — Session logs have no defined retention period.
Remediation: Define a retention period (e.g., 90 days for security logs). Implement automated log rotation and purge.
❌ Soft-deleted accounts never purged violates right to erasure (Article 17) — Users who request deletion expect their data to be removed, not merely hidden.
Remediation: Implement a hard-delete pipeline that purges soft-deleted accounts after a 30-day grace period. Ensure backups are also cleaned within 90 days.
Example 3: Full anonymisation of a customer record
Input:
Customer: María García López
Email: maria.garcia@empresa.es
Phone: +34 612 345 678
DNI: 12345678Z
Address: Calle Mayor 5, 28001 Madrid
Notes: Patient diagnosed with diabetes. Follow-up appointment on 15/03/2025.
Emergency contact: Pedro García at +34 698 111 222.
Output:
PII Detection: 8 entities found (1 special category)
Anonymised Text:
Customer: Laura Fernández Ruiz
Email: laura.fernandez@example.net
Phone: +34 698 721 043
DNI: 87654321X
Address: Avenida de la Paz 12, 28003 Madrid
Notes: Patient diagnosed with hypertension. Follow-up appointment on 22/07/2025.
Emergency contact: Diego Navarro at +34 641 893 507.
Validation: All PII replaced. Internal consistency maintained (García family → separate synthetic identities). Special category data (health) flagged and replaced.
Example 4: PII in code comments
Input:
// Created by María García (maria.garcia@empresa.es)// Test user: DNI 12345678Z, phone +34 612 345 678publicclassUserService {
privatestaticfinalStringADMIN_EMAIL="admin@empresa.es";
Output:
PII Detection: 4 entities found (name, email, DNI, phone in comments)
Anonymised Text:
// Created by Laura Fernández (laura.fernandez@example.net)// Test user: DNI 87654321X, phone +34 698 721 043publicclassUserService {
privatestaticfinalStringADMIN_EMAIL="admin@empresa.es";
Note:ADMIN_EMAIL constant flagged separately as potential hardcoded credential (escalate to security-review skill). Not treated as PII anonymisation since it is a system account, not a natural person.
Output expectations
Findings — Ordered by severity (critical, high, medium, low) with GDPR article references
Remediation — Concrete, actionable fix for each finding
GDPR mapping — Each finding mapped to the relevant article
Checklists — Consent and retention checklists completed when applicable
Notes
This skill extends the security agent's capabilities; it does NOT replace the security-review skill
The security-review skill detects secrets and vulnerabilities; this skill focuses on data privacy: GDPR, consent, retention, and PII
Anonymisation is a form of data protection by design (Article 25 GDPR)
True anonymisation (irreversible) vs pseudonymisation (reversible with key) — this skill performs anonymisation by default
If the user needs pseudonymisation (reversible mapping), they must explicitly request it; in that case, the mapping must be stored securely and separately
For automated pipelines, consider integrating with libraries like Microsoft Presidio, spaCy NER, or AWS Comprehend for production-grade detection
The agent performs best-effort detection; it is not a substitute for formal Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA)
Consent management and retention policies should be reviewed with legal counsel for jurisdiction-specific requirements
Data retention automation should be tested thoroughly to avoid accidental data loss
