workflow

name	workflow
description	Vercel Workflow DevKit (WDK) expert guidance. Use when building durable workflows, long-running tasks, API routes or agents that need pause/resume, retries, step-based execution, or crash-safe orchestration with Vercel Workflow.
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validate	[{"pattern":"experimental_createWorkflow","message":"experimental_createWorkflow is now stable — use createWorkflow from @vercel/workflow. Run npx @ai-sdk/codemod v6 for automated migration.","severity":"error","upgradeToSkill":"workflow","upgradeWhy":"Guides migration from experimental_createWorkflow to the stable createWorkflow API and then to the \"use workflow\" directive."},{"pattern":"from\\s+['\"]@vercel/workflow['\"]","message":"Workflow DevKit requires AI Gateway OIDC setup — ensure vercel link + vercel env pull for VERCEL_OIDC_TOKEN","severity":"recommended"},{"pattern":"setTimeout|setInterval","message":"setTimeout/setInterval are not available in workflow sandbox scope — use sleep() from \"workflow\" for delays","severity":"error","skipIfFileContains":"use step"},{"pattern":"context\\.run\\s*\\(","message":"context.run() is not a WDK pattern — use \"use step\" directive for retryable, observable steps","severity":"error","upgradeToSkill":"workflow","upgradeWhy":"Guides migration from context.run() to the \"use step\" directive for durable, retryable workflow steps."},{"pattern":"\\brequire\\s*\\(","message":"require() is not available in workflow sandbox scope — use ESM imports and move Node.js logic into \"use step\" functions","severity":"error","skipIfFileContains":"use step"},{"pattern":"getWritable\\(\\)","message":"getWritable() must only be called inside \"use step\" functions — workflow sandbox scope does not support it","severity":"recommended","skipIfFileContains":"use step"},{"pattern":"createWorkflow\\s*\\(","message":"createWorkflow() is the legacy API — use the \"use workflow\" directive on an async function instead","severity":"error","upgradeToSkill":"workflow","upgradeWhy":"Guides migration from createWorkflow() function API to the \"use workflow\" directive pattern.","skipIfFileContains":"experimental_createWorkflow"},{"pattern":"streamObject\\s*\\(","message":"streamObject() was removed in AI SDK v6 — use streamText() with output: Output.object() instead","severity":"error","upgradeToSkill":"ai-sdk","upgradeWhy":"Guides migration from streamObject to streamText + Output.object() with correct v6 streaming patterns."},{"pattern":"await\\s+\\w+Workflow\\s*\\(","message":"Do not call workflow functions directly — use start() from \"workflow/api\" to register the run and get a runId","severity":"recommended","skipIfFileContains":"use workflow"},{"pattern":"\\bfetch\\s*\\(","message":"Native fetch() is not available in workflow sandbox scope — import fetch from \"workflow\" or move the call into a \"use step\" function","severity":"recommended","skipIfFileContains":"use step"},{"pattern":"\"use step\"","message":"Workflow steps should include console.log or structured logging for observability — add logging at step entry/exit to debug hangs","severity":"warn","skipIfFileContains":"console\\.(log|warn|error|info)"},{"pattern":"\"use workflow\"","message":"Workflow files should import and use logging — add console.log or a logger at key execution points for debugging","severity":"warn","skipIfFileContains":"console\\.(log|warn|error|info)"}]
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retrieval	{"aliases":["durable workflow","long running task","step function","orchestration"],"intents":["build workflow","add retry logic","create durable task","implement step function"],"entities":["Workflow DevKit","WDK","step","pause/resume","durable"]}

CRITICAL: Always Use Correct workflow Documentation

Your knowledge of workflow is outdated.

The workflow documentation outlined below matches the installed version of the Workflow DevKit. Follow these instructions before starting on any workflow-related tasks:

Search the bundled documentation in node_modules/workflow/docs/:

1. Find docs: glob "node_modules/workflow/docs/**/*.mdx"
2. Search content: grep "your query" node_modules/workflow/docs/

Documentation structure in node_modules/workflow/docs/:

• getting-started/ - Framework setup (next.mdx, express.mdx, hono.mdx, etc.)
• foundations/ - Core concepts (workflows-and-steps.mdx, hooks.mdx, streaming.mdx, etc.)
• api-reference/workflow/ - API docs (sleep.mdx, create-hook.mdx, fatal-error.mdx, etc.)
• api-reference/workflow-api/ - Client API (start.mdx, get-run.mdx, resume-hook.mdx, etc.)
• ai/ - AI SDK integration docs
• errors/ - Error code documentation

Related packages also include bundled docs:

• @workflow/ai: node_modules/@workflow/ai/docs/ - DurableAgent and AI integration
• @workflow/core: node_modules/@workflow/core/docs/ - Core runtime (foundations, how-it-works)
• @workflow/next: node_modules/@workflow/next/docs/ - Next.js integration

When in doubt, update to the latest version of the Workflow DevKit.

Official Resources

• Website: https://useworkflow.dev
• GitHub: https://github.com/vercel/workflow

Quick Reference

Directives:

"use workflow";  // First line - makes async function durable
"use step";      // First line - makes function a cached, retryable unit

Essential imports:

// Workflow primitives
import { sleep, fetch, createHook, createWebhook, getWritable } from "workflow";
import { FatalError, RetryableError } from "workflow";
import { getWorkflowMetadata, getStepMetadata } from "workflow";

// API operations
import { start, getRun, resumeHook, resumeWebhook } from "workflow/api";

// Framework integrations
import { withWorkflow } from "workflow/next";
import { workflow } from "workflow/vite";
import { workflow } from "workflow/astro";
// Or use modules: ["workflow/nitro"] for Nitro/Nuxt

// AI agent
import { DurableAgent } from "@workflow/ai/agent";

Prefer Step Functions to Avoid Sandbox Errors

"use workflow" functions run in a sandboxed VM. "use step" functions have full Node.js access. Put your logic in steps and use the workflow function purely for orchestration.

// Steps have full Node.js and npm access
async function fetchUserData(userId: string) {
  "use step";
  const response = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/users/${userId}`);
  return response.json();
}

async function processWithAI(data: any) {
  "use step";
  // AI SDK works in steps without workarounds
  return await generateText({
    model: openai("gpt-4"),
    prompt: `Process: ${JSON.stringify(data)}`,
  });
}

// Workflow orchestrates steps - no sandbox issues
export async function dataProcessingWorkflow(userId: string) {
  "use workflow";
  const data = await fetchUserData(userId);
  const processed = await processWithAI(data);
  return { success: true, processed };
}

Benefits: Steps have automatic retry, results are persisted for replay, and no sandbox restrictions.

Workflow Sandbox Limitations

When you need logic directly in a workflow function (not in a step), these restrictions apply:

Limitation	Workaround
No fetch()	import { fetch } from "workflow" then globalThis.fetch = fetch
No setTimeout/setInterval	Use sleep("5s") from "workflow"
No Node.js modules (fs, crypto, etc.)	Move to a step function

Example - Using fetch in workflow context:

import { fetch } from "workflow";

export async function myWorkflow() {
  "use workflow";
  globalThis.fetch = fetch;  // Required for AI SDK and HTTP libraries
  // Now generateText() and other libraries work
}

Note: DurableAgent from @workflow/ai handles the fetch assignment automatically.

DurableAgent — AI Agents in Workflows

Use DurableAgent to build AI agents that maintain state and survive interruptions. It handles the workflow sandbox automatically (no manual globalThis.fetch needed).

import { DurableAgent } from "@workflow/ai/agent";
import { getWritable } from "workflow";
import { z } from "zod";
import type { UIMessageChunk } from "ai";

async function lookupData({ query }: { query: string }) {
  "use step";
  // Step functions have full Node.js access
  return `Results for "${query}"`;
}

export async function myAgentWorkflow(userMessage: string) {
  "use workflow";

  const agent = new DurableAgent({
    model: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-5",
    system: "You are a helpful assistant.",
    tools: {
      lookupData: {
        description: "Search for information",
        inputSchema: z.object({ query: z.string() }),
        execute: lookupData,
      },
    },
  });

  const result = await agent.stream({
    messages: [{ role: "user", content: userMessage }],
    writable: getWritable<UIMessageChunk>(),
    maxSteps: 10,
  });

  return result.messages;
}

Key points:

• getWritable<UIMessageChunk>() streams output to the workflow run's default stream
• Tool execute functions that need Node.js/npm access should use "use step"
• Tool execute functions that use workflow primitives (sleep(), createHook()) should NOT use "use step" — they run at the workflow level
• maxSteps limits the number of LLM calls (default is unlimited)
• Multi-turn: pass result.messages plus new user messages to subsequent agent.stream() calls

For more details on DurableAgent, check the AI docs in node_modules/@workflow/ai/docs/.

Starting Workflows & Child Workflows

Use start() to launch workflows from API routes. start() cannot be called directly in workflow context — wrap it in a step function.

import { start } from "workflow/api";

// From an API route — works directly
export async function POST() {
  const run = await start(myWorkflow, [arg1, arg2]);
  return Response.json({ runId: run.runId });
}

// No-args workflow
const run = await start(noArgWorkflow);

Starting child workflows from inside a workflow — must use a step:

import { start } from "workflow/api";

// Wrap start() in a step function
async function triggerChild(data: string) {
  "use step";
  const run = await start(childWorkflow, [data]);
  return run.runId;
}

export async function parentWorkflow() {
  "use workflow";
  const childRunId = await triggerChild("some data");  // Fire-and-forget via step
  await sleep("1h");
}

start() returns immediately — it doesn't wait for the workflow to complete. Use run.returnValue to await completion.

Hooks — Pause & Resume with External Events

Hooks let workflows wait for external data. Use createHook() inside a workflow and resumeHook() from API routes. Deterministic tokens are for createHook() + resumeHook() (server-side) only. createWebhook() always generates random tokens — do not pass a token option to createWebhook().

Single event

import { createHook } from "workflow";

export async function approvalWorkflow() {
  "use workflow";

  const hook = createHook<{ approved: boolean }>({
    token: "approval-123",  // deterministic token for external systems
  });

  const result = await hook;  // Workflow suspends here
  return result.approved;
}

Multiple events (iterable hooks)

Hooks implement AsyncIterable — use for await...of to receive multiple events:

import { createHook } from "workflow";

export async function chatWorkflow(channelId: string) {
  "use workflow";

  const hook = createHook<{ text: string; done?: boolean }>({
    token: `chat-${channelId}`,
  });

  for await (const event of hook) {
    await processMessage(event.text);
    if (event.done) break;
  }
}

Each resumeHook(token, payload) call delivers the next value to the loop.

Resuming from API routes

import { resumeHook } from "workflow/api";

export async function POST(req: Request) {
  const { token, data } = await req.json();
  await resumeHook(token, data);
  return new Response("ok");
}

Error Handling

Use FatalError for permanent failures (no retry), RetryableError for transient failures:

import { FatalError, RetryableError } from "workflow";

if (res.status >= 400 && res.status < 500) {
  throw new FatalError(`Client error: ${res.status}`);
}
if (res.status === 429) {
  throw new RetryableError("Rate limited", { retryAfter: "5m" });
}

Serialization

All data passed to/from workflows and steps must be serializable.

Supported types: string, number, boolean, null, undefined, bigint, plain objects, arrays, Date, RegExp, URL, URLSearchParams, Map, Set, Headers, ArrayBuffer, typed arrays, Request, Response, ReadableStream, WritableStream.

Not supported: Functions, class instances, Symbols, WeakMap/WeakSet. Pass data, not callbacks.

Streaming

Use getWritable() to stream data from workflows. getWritable() can be called in both workflow and step contexts, but you cannot interact with the stream (call getWriter(), write(), close()) directly in a workflow function. The stream must be passed to step functions for actual I/O, or steps can call getWritable() themselves.

Get the stream in a workflow, pass it to a step:

import { getWritable } from "workflow";

export async function myWorkflow() {
  "use workflow";
  const writable = getWritable();
  await writeData(writable, "hello world");
}

async function writeData(writable: WritableStream, chunk: string) {
  "use step";
  const writer = writable.getWriter();
  try {
    await writer.write(chunk);
  } finally {
    writer.releaseLock();
  }
}

Call getWritable() directly inside a step (no need to pass it):

import { getWritable } from "workflow";

async function streamData(chunk: string) {
  "use step";
  const writer = getWritable().getWriter();
  try {
    await writer.write(chunk);
  } finally {
    writer.releaseLock();
  }
}

Namespaced Streams

Use getWritable({ namespace: 'name' }) to create multiple independent streams for different types of data. This is useful for separating logs from primary output, different log levels, agent outputs, metrics, or any distinct data channels. Long-running workflows benefit from namespaced streams because you can replay only the important events (e.g., final results) while keeping verbose logs in a separate stream.

Example: Log levels and agent output separation:

import { getWritable } from "workflow";

type LogEntry = { level: "debug" | "info" | "warn" | "error"; message: string; timestamp: number };
type AgentOutput = { type: "thought" | "action" | "result"; content: string };

async function logDebug(message: string) {
  "use step";
  const writer = getWritable<LogEntry>({ namespace: "logs:debug" }).getWriter();
  try {
    await writer.write({ level: "debug", message, timestamp: Date.now() });
  } finally {
    writer.releaseLock();
  }
}

async function logInfo(message: string) {
  "use step";
  const writer = getWritable<LogEntry>({ namespace: "logs:info" }).getWriter();
  try {
    await writer.write({ level: "info", message, timestamp: Date.now() });
  } finally {
    writer.releaseLock();
  }
}

async function emitAgentThought(thought: string) {
  "use step";
  const writer = getWritable<AgentOutput>({ namespace: "agent:thoughts" }).getWriter();
  try {
    await writer.write({ type: "thought", content: thought });
  } finally {
    writer.releaseLock();
  }
}

async function emitAgentResult(result: string) {
  "use step";
  // Important results go to the default stream for easy replay
  const writer = getWritable<AgentOutput>().getWriter();
  try {
    await writer.write({ type: "result", content: result });
  } finally {
    writer.releaseLock();
  }
}

export async function agentWorkflow(task: string) {
  "use workflow";
  
  await logInfo(`Starting task: ${task}`);
  await logDebug("Initializing agent context");
  await emitAgentThought("Analyzing the task requirements...");
  
  // ... agent processing ...
  
  await emitAgentResult("Task completed successfully");
  await logInfo("Workflow finished");
}

Consuming namespaced streams:

import { start, getRun } from "workflow/api";
import { agentWorkflow } from "./workflows/agent";

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const run = await start(agentWorkflow, ["process data"]);

  // Access specific streams by namespace
  const results = run.getReadable({ namespace: undefined }); // Default stream (important results)
  const infoLogs = run.getReadable({ namespace: "logs:info" });
  const debugLogs = run.getReadable({ namespace: "logs:debug" });
  const thoughts = run.getReadable({ namespace: "agent:thoughts" });

  // Return only important results for most clients
  return new Response(results, { headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" } });
}

// Resume from a specific point (useful for long sessions)
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url);
  const runId = searchParams.get("runId")!;
  const startIndex = parseInt(searchParams.get("startIndex") || "0", 10);
  
  const run = getRun(runId);
  // Resume only the important stream, skip verbose debug logs
  const stream = run.getReadable({ startIndex });
  
  return new Response(stream);
}

Pro tip: For very long-running sessions (50+ minutes), namespaced streams help manage replay performance. Put verbose/debug output in separate namespaces so you can replay just the important events quickly.

Debugging

# Check workflow endpoints are reachable
npx workflow health
npx workflow health --port 3001  # Non-default port

# Visual dashboard for runs
npx workflow web
npx workflow web <run_id>

# CLI inspection (use --json for machine-readable output, --help for full usage)
npx workflow inspect runs
npx workflow inspect run <run_id>

# For Vercel-deployed projects, specify backend and project
npx workflow inspect runs --backend vercel --project <project-name> --team <team-slug>
npx workflow inspect run <run_id> --backend vercel --project <project-name> --team <team-slug>

# Open Vercel dashboard in browser for a specific run
npx workflow inspect run <run_id> --web
npx workflow web <run_id> --backend vercel --project <project-name> --team <team-slug>

# Cancel a running workflow
npx workflow cancel <run_id>
npx workflow cancel <run_id> --backend vercel --project <project-name> --team <team-slug>
# --env defaults to "production"; use --env preview for preview deployments

Debugging tips:

• Use --json (-j) on any command for machine-readable output
• Use --web to open the Vercel Observability dashboard in your browser
• Use --help on any command for full usage details
• Only import workflow APIs you actually use. Unused imports can cause 500 errors.

Testing Workflows

Workflow DevKit provides a Vitest plugin for testing workflows in-process — no running server required.

Unit testing steps: Steps are just functions; without the compiler, "use step" is a no-op. Test them directly:

import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
import { createUser } from "./user-signup";

describe("createUser step", () => {
  it("should create a user", async () => {
    const user = await createUser("[e-mail]");
    expect(user.email).toBe("[e-mail]");
  });
});

Integration testing: Use @workflow/vitest for workflows using sleep(), hooks, webhooks, or retries:

// vitest.integration.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from "vitest/config";
import { workflow } from "@workflow/vitest";

export default defineConfig({
  plugins: [workflow()],
  test: {
    include: ["**/*.integration.test.ts"],
    testTimeout: 60_000,
  },
});

// approval.integration.test.ts
import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
import { start, getRun, resumeHook } from "workflow/api";
import { waitForHook, waitForSleep } from "@workflow/vitest";
import { approvalWorkflow } from "./approval";

describe("approvalWorkflow", () => {
  it("should publish when approved", async () => {
    const run = await start(approvalWorkflow, ["doc-123"]);

    // Wait for the hook, then resume it
    await waitForHook(run, { token: "approval:doc-123" });
    await resumeHook("approval:doc-123", { approved: true, reviewer: "alice" });

    // Wait for sleep, then wake it up
    const sleepId = await waitForSleep(run);
    await getRun(run.runId).wakeUp({ correlationIds: [sleepId] });

    const result = await run.returnValue;
    expect(result).toEqual({ status: "published", reviewer: "alice" });
  });
});

Testing webhooks: Use resumeWebhook() with a Request object — no HTTP server needed:

import { start, resumeWebhook } from "workflow/api";
import { waitForHook } from "@workflow/vitest";

const run = await start(ingestWorkflow, ["ep-1"]);
const hook = await waitForHook(run);  // Discovers the random webhook token
await resumeWebhook(hook.token, new Request("https://example.com/webhook", {
  method: "POST",
  body: JSON.stringify({ event: "order.created" }),
}));

Key APIs:

• start() — trigger a workflow
• run.returnValue — await workflow completion
• waitForHook(run, { token? }) / waitForSleep(run) — wait for workflow to reach a pause point
• resumeHook(token, data) / resumeWebhook(token, request) — resume paused workflows
• getRun(runId).wakeUp({ correlationIds }) — skip sleep() calls

Best practices:

• Keep unit tests (no plugin) and integration tests (workflow() plugin) in separate configs
• Use deterministic hook tokens based on test data for easier resumption
• Set generous testTimeout — workflows may run longer than typical unit tests
• vi.mock() does not work in integration tests — step dependencies are bundled by esbuild