Global health data access and analysis: WHO GHO API, IHME GBD, Our World in Data, DALYs, age-standardization, health inequality, and choropleth mapping.
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Global health data access and analysis: WHO GHO API, IHME GBD, Our World in Data, DALYs, age-standardization, health inequality, and choropleth mapping.
This skill provides tools for accessing and analyzing global health data from major
open sources: the WHO Global Health Observatory API, IHME Global Burden of Disease
study data, and Our World in Data health datasets. It covers computing burden-of-disease
metrics (DALYs, YLLs, YLDs), age-standardized rates, health inequality measures, and
publication-quality choropleth maps.
For GBD data downloads you may need an IHME account. Set API tokens via environment
variables (no hardcoded credentials):
export WHO_API_KEY="<paste-your-who-api-key>"# currently optional for public endpointsexport IHME_API_TOKEN="<paste-your-ihme-token>"# for authenticated GBD API endpoints
"""
Retrieve data for a WHO GHO indicator via the OData REST API.
Parameters
----------
indicator_code : str
WHO indicator code, e.g. 'MDG_0000000007' (under-5 mortality rate),
'NCD_BMI_30A' (obesity prevalence), 'WHOSIS_000001' (life expectancy).
Browse codes at: https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/Indicator
countries : list[str] | None
List of ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country codes, e.g. ['NGA', 'KEN', 'ETH'].
If None, retrieves all countries.
years : list[int] | None
List of years to filter, e.g. [2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2019].
If None, retrieves all available years.
dimension_filter : dict | None
Extra OData filter key-value pairs, e.g. {'Dim1': 'MLE'} for males.
page_size : int
Number of records per API page request.
verbose : bool
Whether to print progress messages.
Returns
-------
pd.DataFrame
Columns: indicator_code, country_code, country_name, year, value,
low, high, sex, dim1, dim2, comments.
"""
if
" or "
f"SpatialDim eq '{c}'"
for
in
f"({country_filter})"
if
" or "
f"TimeDim eq {y}"
for
in
f"({year_filter})"
if
for
in
f"{key} eq '{val}'"
" and "
if
else
None
0
# Use API key if provided (currently optional for most WHO endpoints)
"WHO_API_KEY"
if
"Ocp-Apim-Subscription-Key"
while
True
"$top"
"$skip"
if
"$filter"
f"{WHO_GHO_BASE}/{indicator_code}"
try
30
except
as
print
f"HTTP error for indicator {indicator_code}: {e}"
break
except
as
print
f"Request error: {e}"
5
continue
"value"
if
not
break
for
in
"indicator_code"
"country_code"
"SpatialDim"
""
"country_name"
"SpatialDimType"
""
"year"
"TimeDim"
"value"
"NumericValue"
"low"
"Low"
"high"
"High"
"sex"
"Dim1"
""
"dim2"
"Dim2"
""
"comments"
"Comments"
""
if
print
f" Fetched {len(records)} records so far..."
if
len
break
0.3
"year"
"year"
"coerce"
"value"
"value"
"coerce"
"low"
"low"
"coerce"
"high"
"high"
"coerce"
if
print
f"Total records: {len(df)} for indicator '{indicator_code}'"
return
def
list_who_indicators
search_term: str = ""
"""
List available WHO GHO indicators, optionally filtered by search term.
Returns DataFrame with columns: indicator_code, indicator_name.
"""
f"{WHO_GHO_BASE}/Indicator"
if
"$filter"
f"contains(IndicatorName, '{search_term}')"
30
"value"
return
"indicator_code"
"IndicatorCode"
"indicator_name"
"IndicatorName"
for
in
2. IHME Global Burden of Disease Data
defdownload_gbd_data(
cause: str,
location: str | list[str],
metric: str = "Rate",
year: int | list[int] = 2019,
measure: str = "DALYs",
sex: str = "Both",
age_group: str = "All Ages",
fallback_csv_path: Optional[str] = None,
) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""
Download IHME GBD data via API or fall back to a pre-downloaded CSV.
The IHME GBD API requires registration at healthdata.org.
For unauthenticated use, download CSVs from https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results
and pass the path via `fallback_csv_path`.
Parameters
----------
cause : str
GBD cause of death/disability name (e.g., 'Diabetes mellitus',
'Lower respiratory infections', 'Ischemic heart disease').
location : str | list[str]
Country name(s) or GBD super-region name.
metric : str
'Rate' (per 100k), 'Number', or 'Percent'.
year : int | list[int]
Year(s) to retrieve.
measure : str
'DALYs', 'Deaths', 'YLLs', 'YLDs', 'Prevalence', 'Incidence'.
sex : str
'Both', 'Male', 'Female'.
age_group : str
GBD age group (e.g., 'All Ages', '<5 years', '70+ years').
fallback_csv_path : str | None
Path to a locally downloaded GBD CSV as fallback.
Returns
-------
pd.DataFrame
Standardized DataFrame with columns: location, year, cause, measure,
metric, sex, age_group, value, lower_ci, upper_ci.
"""
ihme_token = os.environ.get("IHME_API_TOKEN")
if ihme_token:
headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {ihme_token}"}
base_url = "https://api.healthdata.org/gbd/v1/results"
locations = [location] ifisinstance(location, str) else location
years = [year] ifisinstance(year, int) else year
params = {
"cause_name": cause,
"location_name": ",".join(locations),
"metric_name": metric,
"year_id": ",".join(str(y) for y in years),
"measure_name": measure,
"sex_name": sex,
"age_name": age_group,
"format": "json",
}
try:
resp = requests.get(base_url, params=params,
headers=headers, timeout=30)
resp.raise_for_status()
data = resp.json()
records = data.get("results", [])
if records:
df = pd.DataFrame(records)
df = df.rename(columns={
"location_name": "location",
"year_id": "year",
"cause_name": "cause",
"measure_name": "measure",
"metric_name": "metric",
"sex_name": "sex",
"age_name": "age_group",
"val": "value",
"lower": "lower_ci",
"upper": "upper_ci",
})
return df[["location", "year", "cause", "measure",
"metric", "sex", "age_group",
"value", "lower_ci", "upper_ci"]]
except requests.RequestException as e:
print(f"IHME API request failed: {e}. Falling back to CSV.")
if fallback_csv_path:
df = pd.read_csv(fallback_csv_path)
# Standardize column names from IHME CSV export format
col_map = {
"location_name": "location",
"year_id": "year",
"cause_name": "cause",
"measure_name": "measure",
"metric_name": "metric",
"sex_name": "sex",
"age_name": "age_group",
"val": "value",
"lower": "lower_ci",
"upper": "upper_ci",
}
df = df.rename(columns={k: v for k, v in col_map.items() if k in df.columns})
# Apply filters
locations = [location] ifisinstance(location, str) else location
years = [year] ifisinstance(year, int) else year
if"location"in df.columns:
df = df[df["location"].isin(locations)]
if"year"in df.columns:
df = df[df["year"].isin(years)]
if"cause"in df.columns and cause:
df = df[df["cause"].str.contains(cause, case=False, na=False)]
if"measure"in df.columns:
df = df[df["measure"] == measure]
return df
raise RuntimeError(
"No IHME_API_TOKEN set and no fallback_csv_path provided. ""Download GBD data from https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results ""and pass the CSV path as fallback_csv_path."
)
3. DALYs, YLLs, and YLDs
defcompute_dalys(
yll_series: pd.Series,
yld_series: pd.Series,
index_cols: Optional[pd.DataFrame] = None,
) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""
Compute DALYs as the sum of YLLs and YLDs.
DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) = YLLs + YLDs.
YLLs (Years of Life Lost) = premature mortality burden.
YLDs (Years Lived with Disability) = morbidity burden.
Parameters
----------
yll_series : pd.Series
YLL values (same index as yld_series).
yld_series : pd.Series
YLD values.
index_cols : pd.DataFrame | None
Optional metadata DataFrame to attach (same index).
Returns
-------
pd.DataFrame
DataFrame with yll, yld, daly columns plus metadata if provided.
"""
result = pd.DataFrame({
"yll": yll_series.values,
"yld": yld_series.values,
"daly": yll_series.values + yld_series.values,
})
if index_cols isnotNone:
result = pd.concat([index_cols.reset_index(drop=True), result], axis=1)
return result
4. Age-Standardized Rates
# WHO World Standard Population 2000-2025 age weights (18 age groups)
WHO_WORLD_STANDARD_POPULATION = pd.DataFrame({
"age_group": [
"0-4", "5-9", "10-14", "15-19", "20-24", "25-29",
"30-34", "35-39", "40-44", "45-49", "50-54", "55-59",
"60-64", "65-69", "70-74", "75-79", "80-84", "85+",
],
"weight": [
0.0886, 0.0869, 0.0860, 0.0847, 0.0822, 0.0793,
0.0761, 0.0715, 0.0659, 0.0604, 0.0537, 0.0455,
0.0372, 0.0296, 0.0221, 0.0152, 0.0091, 0.0063,
],
})
defage_standardize(
crude_rates: pd.Series,
age_weights: pd.Series,
reference_pop: Optional[pd.Series] = None,
per_unit: float = 100_000,
) -> dict:
"""
Compute directly age-standardized rate using the WHO world standard population.
Parameters
----------
crude_rates : pd.Series
Age-specific crude rates (cases per person, NOT per 100k).
Index should match age_weights index.
age_weights : pd.Series
Proportional weight for each age group (must sum to 1.0).
Use WHO_WORLD_STANDARD_POPULATION['weight'] as default.
reference_pop : pd.Series | None
If provided, use direct standardization with this reference population
(absolute counts); age_weights is ignored.
per_unit : float
Multiplier for output (default 100,000 for rates per 100k).
Returns
-------
dict
Keys: age_standardized_rate, variance (approximate), ci_95_lower, ci_95_upper.
"""
rates = np.asarray(crude_rates, dtype=float)
weights = np.asarray(age_weights, dtype=float)
if reference_pop isnotNone:
ref = np.asarray(reference_pop, dtype=float)
weights = ref / ref.sum()
# Normalize weights just in case
weights = weights / weights.sum()
asr = np.sum(weights * rates) * per_unit
# Approximate variance (Chiang 1961 method)
variance = np.sum((weights**2) * rates * (1 - rates + 1e-12)) * per_unit**2
se = np.sqrt(variance)
ci_lower = max(0.0, asr - 1.96 * se)
ci_upper = asr + 1.96 * se
return {
"age_standardized_rate": asr,
"standard_error": se,
"ci_95_lower": ci_lower,
"ci_95_upper": ci_upper,
"variance": variance,
}
5. Health Inequality Measures
defcompute_concentration_index(
health_outcome: pd.Series,
wealth_rank: pd.Series,
weights: Optional[pd.Series] = None,
) -> dict:
"""
Compute the concentration index (CI) for measuring socioeconomic health inequality.
The concentration index ranges from -1 (all disease burden in the poorest) to
+1 (all disease burden in the richest). CI = 0 means perfect equality.
Parameters
----------
health_outcome : pd.Series
Health variable (e.g., prevalence, mortality rate per individual or group).
wealth_rank : pd.Series
Socioeconomic rank variable (higher = wealthier). Same index.
weights : pd.Series | None
Population weights for grouped data.
Returns
-------
dict
Keys: concentration_index, standard_error, t_statistic, p_value,
erreygers_ci (normalized version for bounded outcomes).
"""
df = pd.DataFrame({
"y": health_outcome.values,
"rank": wealth_rank.values,
}).dropna()
if weights isnotNone:
df["w"] = weights.reindex(df.index).fillna(1.0).values
else:
df["w"] = 1.0
total_w = df["w"].sum()
df["w_norm"] = df["w"] / total_w
# Fractional rank (Erreygers & van Ourti method)
df = df.sort_values("rank")
df["cum_w"] = df["w_norm"].cumsum()
df["frac_rank"] = df["cum_w"].shift(1).fillna(0) + df["w_norm"] / 2
y_mean = (df["y"] * df["w_norm"]).sum()
# Covariance form of CI
cov_xy = (df["w_norm"] * (df["y"] - y_mean) * (df["frac_rank"] - 0.5)).sum()
ci = 2.0 * cov_xy / (y_mean + 1e-12)
# Standard error via OLS regression (Kakwani et al.)from statsmodels.api import OLS, add_constant
X_reg = add_constant(df["frac_rank"])
y_reg = 2.0 * df["y"] / y_mean
try:
model = OLS(y_reg, X_reg, weights=df["w_norm"]).fit(
cov_type="HC3"
)
se = model.bse["frac_rank"] / 2.0
t_stat = ci / (se + 1e-12)
p_val = float(2 * (1 - stats_module.t.cdf(abs(t_stat), df=len(df) - 2)))
except Exception:
se = np.nan
t_stat = np.nan
p_val = np.nan
# Erreygers normalized CI (for bounded variables like prevalence 0-1)
y_max = df["y"].max()
y_min = df["y"].min()
erreygers_ci = 4 * y_mean / (y_max - y_min + 1e-12) * ci if y_max > y_min else np.nan
return {
"concentration_index": ci,
"standard_error": se,
"t_statistic": t_stat,
"p_value": p_val,
"erreygers_ci": erreygers_ci,
"mean_health": y_mean,
"n": len(df),
}
import scipy.stats as stats_module
defcompute_inequality_gaps(
df: pd.DataFrame,
value_col: str,
group_col: str,
reference_group: str,
) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""
Compute absolute and relative health gaps relative to a reference group.
Parameters
----------
df : pd.DataFrame
Must contain `value_col` (health metric) and `group_col` (socioeconomic group).
value_col : str
Column with health values (e.g., mortality rate).
group_col : str
Column with group labels (e.g., income quintile).
reference_group : str
Group to use as reference (usually the most advantaged).
Returns
-------
pd.DataFrame
Group-level table with absolute_gap and relative_gap columns.
"""
group_means = df.groupby(group_col)[value_col].mean().reset_index()
ref_value = group_means.loc[
group_means[group_col] == reference_group, value_col
].values[0]
group_means["absolute_gap"] = group_means[value_col] - ref_value
group_means["relative_gap"] = group_means[value_col] / (ref_value + 1e-12)
return group_means
6. Choropleth Map Visualization
defplot_global_health_map(
df: pd.DataFrame,
value_col: str,
year: int,
title: str,
country_col: str = "country_code",
year_col: str = "year",
cmap: str = "YlOrRd",
legend_label: str = "Value",
vmin: Optional[float] = None,
vmax: Optional[float] = None,
output_file: Optional[str] = None,
missing_color: str = "#cccccc",
) -> None:
"""
Plot a global choropleth map of a health indicator using geopandas.
Parameters
----------
df : pd.DataFrame
Health data with country ISO-3 codes and values.
value_col : str
Column to map.
year : int
Year to filter.
title : str
Map title.
country_col : str
Column with ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country codes.
year_col : str
Column with year values.
cmap : str
Matplotlib colormap.
legend_label : str
Label for the colorbar.
vmin, vmax : float | None
Color scale min/max. Auto-scaled if None.
output_file : str | None
Save figure to this path if provided.
missing_color : str
Fill color for countries with no data.
"""import geopandas as gpd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.colors as mcolors
# Load Natural Earth world shapefile (bundled with geopandas)
world = gpd.read_file(
gpd.datasets.get_path("naturalearth_lowres")
)
world = world.rename(columns={"iso_a3": "iso3"})
# Filter data to the requested year
df_year = df[df[year_col] == year][[country_col, value_col]].copy()
df_year = df_year.drop_duplicates(subset=[country_col])
merged = world.merge(
df_year,
left_on="iso3",
right_on=country_col,
how="left",
)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(18, 10))
# Plot countries with missing data
missing = merged[merged[value_col].isna()]
missing.plot(ax=ax, color=missing_color, edgecolor="white", linewidth=0.3)
# Plot countries with data
present = merged[~merged[value_col].isna()]
present.plot(
column=value_col,
ax=ax,
cmap=cmap,
edgecolor="white",
linewidth=0.3,
vmin=vmin,
vmax=vmax,
legend=True,
legend_kwds={
"label": legend_label,
"orientation": "horizontal",
"fraction": 0.03,
"pad": 0.04,
"shrink": 0.6,
},
)
ax.set_title(f"{title}\n(Year: {year})", fontsize=16, fontweight="bold")
ax.axis("off")
# Coverage note
n_covered = len(present)
n_total = len(world)
ax.text(
0.01, 0.02,
f"Countries with data: {n_covered}/{n_total} | "f"Missing: {n_total - n_covered}",
transform=ax.transAxes,
fontsize=9,
color="grey",
)
plt.tight_layout()
if output_file:
plt.savefig(output_file, dpi=150, bbox_inches="tight")
print(f"Map saved to {output_file}")
plt.show()
Example 1: Under-5 Mortality Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa (2000–2019)
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
# ------------------------------------------------------------------# WHO GHO indicator: MDG_0000000007 = Under-5 mortality rate (per 1000 live births)# ------------------------------------------------------------------# Sub-Saharan African country ISO-3 codes (representative sample)
SSA_COUNTRIES = [
"NGA", "ETH", "COD", "TZA", "KEN", "UGA", "MOZ", "GHA",
"ZMB", "ZWE", "SEN", "MLI", "NER", "BFA", "CMR", "AGO",
"MWI", "RWA", "MDG", "SOM",
]
YEARS = list(range(2000, 2020))
print("Fetching under-5 mortality data from WHO GHO...")
u5mr_df = get_who_indicator(
indicator_code="MDG_0000000007",
countries=SSA_COUNTRIES,
years=YEARS,
verbose=True,
)
# Filter to both-sex estimates
u5mr_df = u5mr_df[u5mr_df["sex"].isin(["", "BTSX", None])].copy()
u5mr_df = u5mr_df.dropna(subset=["value", "year"])
u5mr_df["year"] = u5mr_df["year"].astype(int)
print(f"\nData shape: {u5mr_df.shape}")
print(u5mr_df.groupby("country_code")["value"].describe().round(1))
# ------------------------------------------------------------------# Time series plot# ------------------------------------------------------------------
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(16, 7))
# Individual country trends
pivot = u5mr_df.pivot_table(
index="year", columns="country_code", values="value", aggfunc="mean"
)
for country in pivot.columns:
axes[0].plot(pivot.index, pivot[country], alpha=0.4, linewidth=1.0, color="steelblue")
# Regional mean
regional_mean = u5mr_df.groupby("year")["value"].mean()
regional_median = u5mr_df.groupby("year")["value"].median()
axes[0].plot(regional_mean.index, regional_mean.values,
color="navy", linewidth=3, label="Regional mean")
axes[0].plot(regional_median.index, regional_median.values,
color="darkred", linewidth=2, linestyle="--", label="Regional median")
axes[0].set_xlabel("Year")
axes[0].set_ylabel("Deaths per 1,000 live births")
axes[0].set_title("Under-5 Mortality Rate\nSub-Saharan Africa (2000–2019)")
axes[0].legend()
axes[0].grid(alpha=0.3)
# Percent reduction per country
start_val = u5mr_df[u5mr_df["year"] == 2000].set_index("country_code")["value"]
end_val = u5mr_df[u5mr_df["year"] == 2019].set_index("country_code")["value"]
common_idx = start_val.index.intersection(end_val.index)
pct_change = ((end_val[common_idx] - start_val[common_idx]) / start_val[common_idx] * 100)
pct_change = pct_change.sort_values()
colors = ["#d73027"if x > -30else"#4dac26"for x in pct_change.values]
axes[1].barh(range(len(pct_change)), pct_change.values, color=colors, alpha=0.8)
axes[1].set_yticks(range(len(pct_change)))
axes[1].set_yticklabels(pct_change.index, fontsize=8)
axes[1].axvline(0, color="black", linewidth=0.8)
axes[1].set_xlabel("% Change in U5MR (2000–2019)")
axes[1].set_title("Percent Reduction in Under-5 Mortality\n(Green = >30% reduction)")
axes[1].grid(axis="x", alpha=0.3)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("ssa_u5mr_trends.png", dpi=150, bbox_inches="tight")
plt.show()
# ------------------------------------------------------------------# Choropleth: U5MR in 2019# ------------------------------------------------------------------
plot_global_health_map(
df=u5mr_df,
value_col="value",
year=2019,
title="Under-5 Mortality Rate",
country_col="country_code",
cmap="YlOrRd",
legend_label="Deaths per 1,000 live births",
output_file="u5mr_2019_map.png",
)
Example 2: DALYs from NCDs by WHO Region with Age-Standardization
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# ------------------------------------------------------------------# Simulate GBD-style NCD DALY data by WHO region# (Replace with download_gbd_data() call when credentials are available)# ------------------------------------------------------------------
who_regions = {
"AFR": "African Region",
"AMR": "Region of the Americas",
"SEAR": "South-East Asia Region",
"EUR": "European Region",
"EMR": "Eastern Mediterranean Region",
"WPR": "Western Pacific Region",
}
ncd_causes = [
"Cardiovascular diseases",
"Diabetes mellitus",
"Chronic respiratory diseases",
"Neoplasms",
]
age_groups = WHO_WORLD_STANDARD_POPULATION["age_group"].tolist()
age_weights = WHO_WORLD_STANDARD_POPULATION["weight"].values
np.random.seed(2024)
records = []
for region_code, region_name in who_regions.items():
for cause in ncd_causes:
for year in [2000, 2010, 2019]:
for age_group in age_groups:
base_yll = np.random.exponential(200)
base_yld = np.random.exponential(150)
records.append({
"region_code": region_code,
"region_name": region_name,
"cause": cause,
"year": year,
"age_group": age_group,
"yll": base_yll,
"yld": base_yld,
"population": np.random.randint(50_000, 5_000_000),
})
gbd_df = pd.DataFrame(records)
# ------------------------------------------------------------------# Compute DALYs# ------------------------------------------------------------------
daly_df = compute_dalys(
yll_series=gbd_df["yll"],
yld_series=gbd_df["yld"],
index_cols=gbd_df[["region_code", "region_name", "cause", "year",
"age_group", "population"]],
)
daly_df["daly_rate"] = daly_df["daly"] / daly_df["population"]
# ------------------------------------------------------------------# Age-standardize DALYs by region, cause, and year# ------------------------------------------------------------------
asr_records = []
for (region_code, cause, year), group in daly_df.groupby(
["region_code", "cause", "year"]
):
group = group.set_index("age_group")
# Align age groups
age_order = WHO_WORLD_STANDARD_POPULATION["age_group"].tolist()
crude_rates = group.reindex(age_order)["daly_rate"].fillna(0)
weights = pd.Series(age_weights, index=age_order)
asr_result = age_standardize(
crude_rates=crude_rates,
age_weights=weights,
per_unit=100_000,
)
asr_records.append({
"region_code": region_code,
"region_name": who_regions[region_code],
"cause": cause,
"year": year,
**asr_result,
})
asr_df = pd.DataFrame(asr_records)
print("Age-standardized DALY rates by region and cause (2019):")
print(
asr_df[asr_df["year"] == 2019]
.pivot_table(index="region_name", columns="cause",
values="age_standardized_rate")
.round(1)
.to_string()
)
# ------------------------------------------------------------------# Inequality analysis: concentration index across regions# ------------------------------------------------------------------# Use GDP per capita proxy as wealth rank
gdp_rank = {
"AFR": 1, "SEAR": 2, "EMR": 3, "AMR": 4, "WPR": 5, "EUR": 6
}
asr_df_2019 = asr_df[asr_df["year"] == 2019].copy()
asr_df_2019["wealth_rank"] = asr_df_2019["region_code"].map(gdp_rank)
for cause in ncd_causes:
sub = asr_df_2019[asr_df_2019["cause"] == cause]
iflen(sub) >= 3:
ci_result = compute_concentration_index(
health_outcome=sub["age_standardized_rate"],
wealth_rank=sub["wealth_rank"],
)
direction = "pro-rich"if ci_result["concentration_index"] > 0else"pro-poor"print(f"\n{cause}: CI={ci_result['concentration_index']:.3f} ({direction})")
# ------------------------------------------------------------------# Visualization: grouped bar chart by WHO region for 2019# ------------------------------------------------------------------
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(16, 7))
pivot_2019 = asr_df_2019.pivot_table(
index="region_code",
columns="cause",
values="age_standardized_rate",
)
pivot_2019.plot(
kind="bar",
ax=axes[0],
colormap="tab10",
edgecolor="white",
alpha=0.85,
)
axes[0].set_xlabel("WHO Region")
axes[0].set_ylabel("Age-Standardized DALY Rate (per 100k)")
axes[0].set_title("NCD Burden by WHO Region (2019)\nAge-Standardized DALY Rates")
axes[0].legend(title="Cause", bbox_to_anchor=(1.0, 1.0), fontsize=8)
axes[0].tick_params(axis="x", rotation=30)
axes[0].grid(axis="y", alpha=0.3)
# Trend lines: total NCD DALYs over time
trend = asr_df.groupby(["region_code", "year"])["age_standardized_rate"].sum().reset_index()
for region in trend["region_code"].unique():
sub = trend[trend["region_code"] == region]
axes[1].plot(
sub["year"], sub["age_standardized_rate"],
marker="o", linewidth=2, label=region,
)
axes[1].set_xlabel("Year")
axes[1].set_ylabel("Total Age-Standardized DALY Rate (per 100k)")
axes[1].set_title("Total NCD DALY Trend by WHO Region\n(2000–2019)")
axes[1].legend(title="Region", fontsize=9)
axes[1].grid(alpha=0.3)
plt.suptitle("Global NCD Burden Analysis — IHME GBD + Age-Standardization", fontsize=13)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("ncd_daly_burden.png", dpi=150, bbox_inches="tight")
plt.show()
Notes and Best Practices
WHO GHO API: Most indicators are publicly accessible without authentication. Pass WHO_API_KEY env var for rate-limit exemptions. Browse indicator codes at https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/Indicator.
GBD data: For large-scale GBD downloads, use the IHME GHD Results Tool at https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results. Save the CSV and pass via fallback_csv_path.
Our World in Data: OWID health datasets can be fetched directly as CSVs, e.g., pd.read_csv("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/child-mortality.csv?tab=table").
Age standardization: Always report the reference population used (WHO World Standard 2000-2025 vs. Segi world population). Results are not comparable across different standards.
Concentration index: Interpret with caution for non-continuous wealth measures. Wagstaff's normalized CI is preferred for binary outcomes.
Mapping: geopandas.datasets.get_path('naturalearth_lowres') is deprecated in newer geopandas. Use geodatasets.get_path('naturalearth.land') or download from Natural Earth directly for production code.
Causality: Cross-country observational health data cannot establish causal effects. Use DAG-based confounder control or difference-in-differences designs for causal inference.
DALY weights: Disability weights for YLD calculations should come from the GBD study directly; do not use outdated WHO 1990 weights.