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threejs-lighting Three.js lighting — 6 light types (Ambient, Directional, Point, Spot, Hemisphere, RectArea), shadow configuration, PCSS/PCFSoft shadow maps, environment map lighting via HDR and PMREMGenerator, 3-point studio setup, LightProbe, and performance rules. Use when setting up scene lighting, configuring shadows, loading HDR environments, or optimising light count for mobile. Adapted from CloudAI-X/threejs-skills (MIT).
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name threejs-lighting description Three.js lighting — 6 light types (Ambient, Directional, Point, Spot, Hemisphere, RectArea), shadow configuration, PCSS/PCFSoft shadow maps, environment map lighting via HDR and PMREMGenerator, 3-point studio setup, LightProbe, and performance rules. Use when setting up scene lighting, configuring shadows, loading HDR environments, or optimising light count for mobile. Adapted from CloudAI-X/threejs-skills (MIT). license MIT compatibility Portable reference skill for agents that support markdown skills or prompt files. Works best alongside project Three.js source files and renderer shadow/light count profiling. disable-model-invocation true metadata {"owner":"game-delivery","version":"2.0.0","language":"en-GB","category":"web-rendering","upstream_references":["https://github.com/CloudAI-X/threejs-skills (MIT — see NOTICE.md)"],"tags":["three-js","lighting","shadows","environment-maps","hdr","pmrem","ambient-light","directional-light","point-light","spot-light","hemisphere-light","rect-area-light"],"intents":["light-selection","shadow-configuration","environment-lighting","studio-setup","light-budget"],"output_types":["code-example","api-reference","lighting-plan"]}
Three.js Lighting
Quick Start
import * as THREE from 'three' ;
const scene = new THREE .Scene ();
const ambient = new THREE .AmbientLight (0xffffff , 0.4 );
scene.add (ambient);
const sun = new THREE .DirectionalLight (0xffffff , 1.0 );
sun.position .set (5 , 10 , 5 );
sun.castShadow = true ;
scene.add (sun);
renderer.shadowMap .enabled = true ;
renderer.shadowMap .type = THREE .PCFSoftShadowMap ;
mesh.castShadow = true ;
mesh.receiveShadow = true ;
Light Types
AmbientLight — Uniform Fill
No position, no shadows. Adds flat, directionless light to every surface equally.
const ambient = new
THREE
AmbientLight
0xffffff
0.4
add
Use as a low-intensity fill to prevent pure-black shadows. Never as the sole light source.
HemisphereLight — Sky/Ground Gradient Simulates outdoor bounce light from sky above and ground below.
const hemi = new THREE .HemisphereLight (
0x87ceeb ,
0x4a4a2a ,
0.6 ,
);
scene.add (hemi);
Good outdoor ambient substitute — more natural than AmbientLight. No shadows.
DirectionalLight — Sun Parallel rays from infinity. Best for outdoor sun/moon. Supports shadows.
const dirLight = new THREE .DirectionalLight (0xfff5e0 , 1.2 );
dirLight.position .set (10 , 20 , 10 );
dirLight.target .position .set (0 , 0 , 0 );
scene.add (dirLight);
scene.add (dirLight.target );
dirLight.castShadow = true ;
dirLight.shadow .mapSize .width = 2048 ;
dirLight.shadow .mapSize .height = 2048 ;
dirLight.shadow .camera .near = 0.5 ;
dirLight.shadow .camera .far = 100 ;
dirLight.shadow .camera .left = -20 ;
dirLight.shadow .camera .right = 20 ;
dirLight.shadow .camera .top = 20 ;
dirLight.shadow .camera .bottom = -20 ;
dirLight.shadow .bias = -0.001 ;
dirLight.shadow .normalBias = 0.02 ;
Visualise the shadow frustum during development:
import { CameraHelper } from 'three' ;
const shadowHelper = new CameraHelper (dirLight.shadow .camera );
scene.add (shadowHelper);
PointLight — Omni Light (Bulb) Radiates in all directions from a single point. Supports shadows (expensive — 6 shadow maps).
const point = new THREE .PointLight (
0xff8844 ,
2.0 ,
15 ,
2 ,
);
point.position .set (0 , 3 , 0 );
scene.add (point);
point.castShadow = true ;
point.shadow .mapSize .width = 512 ;
point.shadow .mapSize .height = 512 ;
point.shadow .camera .near = 0.1 ;
point.shadow .camera .far = 15 ;
SpotLight — Cone of Light Directional cone. Supports shadows with a single shadow map.
const spot = new THREE .SpotLight (
0xffffff ,
2.0 ,
30 ,
Math .PI / 6 ,
0.3 ,
2 ,
);
spot.position .set (0 , 8 , 0 );
spot.target .position .set (0 , 0 , 0 );
scene.add (spot);
scene.add (spot.target );
spot.castShadow = true ;
spot.shadow .mapSize .width = 1024 ;
spot.shadow .mapSize .height = 1024 ;
spot.shadow .camera .near = 1 ;
spot.shadow .camera .far = 30 ;
spot.shadow .focus = 1 ;
RectAreaLight — Area Light (Softbox) Rectangular emitter for studio/interior looks. No real-time shadows — bake or use PointLight fallback.
import { RectAreaLightHelper } from 'three/addons/helpers/RectAreaLightHelper.js' ;
import { RectAreaLightUniformsLib } from 'three/addons/lights/RectAreaLightUniformsLib.js' ;
RectAreaLightUniformsLib .init ();
const rectLight = new THREE .RectAreaLight (
0xffffff ,
5 ,
4 ,
4 ,
);
rectLight.position .set (0 , 5 , 0 );
rectLight.lookAt (0 , 0 , 0 );
scene.add (rectLight);
scene.add (new RectAreaLightHelper (rectLight));
Only works with MeshStandardMaterial and MeshPhysicalMaterial.
Shadow Configuration
Shadow Map Types renderer.shadowMap .enabled = true ;
renderer.shadowMap .type = THREE .PCFSoftShadowMap ;
Tuning Shadow Quality
light.shadow .mapSize .set (2048 , 2048 );
light.shadow .bias = -0.001 ;
light.shadow .normalBias = 0.02 ;
light.shadow .camera .left = -10 ;
light.shadow .camera .right = 10 ;
light.shadow .camera .top = 10 ;
light.shadow .camera .bottom = -10 ;
light.shadow .camera .updateProjectionMatrix ();
Selective Shadows
mesh.castShadow = true ;
mesh.receiveShadow = true ;
groundPlane.castShadow = false ;
groundPlane.receiveShadow = true ;
Environment Map Lighting
Equirectangular HDR (Recommended) import { RGBELoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/RGBELoader.js' ;
import { PMREMGenerator } from 'three' ;
const pmrem = new PMREMGenerator (renderer);
pmrem.compileEquirectangularShader ();
new RGBELoader ().load ('studio.hdr' , hdrTexture =>const envMap = pmrem.fromEquirectangular (hdrTexture).texture ;
scene.environment = envMap;
scene.background = envMap;
hdrTexture.dispose ();
pmrem.dispose ();
});
Cube Texture (Legacy) const cubeLoader = new THREE .CubeTextureLoader ();
const envMap = cubeLoader.load ([
'px.jpg' , 'nx.jpg' ,
'py.jpg' , 'ny.jpg' ,
'pz.jpg' , 'nz.jpg' ,
]);
scene.environment = envMap;
scene.background = envMap;
Apply Per-Material
material.envMap = envMap;
material.envMapIntensity = 1.5 ;
3-Point Studio Setup Classic lighting rig for character/product renders.
function createStudioLighting (scene ) {
const keyLight = new THREE .DirectionalLight (0xfff5e0 , 1.5 );
keyLight.position .set (3 , 4 , 3 );
keyLight.castShadow = true ;
keyLight.shadow .mapSize .set (1024 , 1024 );
scene.add (keyLight);
const fillLight = new THREE .DirectionalLight (0xe0f0ff , 0.4 );
fillLight.position .set (-3 , 2 , 2 );
scene.add (fillLight);
const rimLight = new THREE .DirectionalLight (0xffffff , 0.6 );
rimLight.position .set (0 , 3 , -4 );
scene.add (rimLight);
const ambient = new THREE .AmbientLight (0xffffff , 0.2 );
scene.add (ambient);
}
LightProbe — Baked Ambient from Environment Captures low-frequency ambient light from a cube render at runtime.
import { LightProbeGenerator } from 'three/addons/lights/LightProbeGenerator.js' ;
const cubeRenderTarget = new THREE .WebGLCubeRenderTarget (256 );
const cubeCamera = new THREE .CubeCamera (0.1 , 1000 , cubeRenderTarget);
scene.add (cubeCamera);
cubeCamera.update (renderer, scene);
const lightProbe = LightProbeGenerator .fromCubeRenderTarget (renderer, cubeRenderTarget);
scene.add (lightProbe);
Better quality than AmbientLight for scenes with a skybox — captures actual sky colour.
Light Helpers (Development) import { DirectionalLightHelper } from 'three' ;
import { PointLightHelper } from 'three' ;
import { SpotLightHelper } from 'three' ;
import { HemisphereLightHelper } from 'three' ;
import { RectAreaLightHelper } from 'three/addons/helpers/RectAreaLightHelper.js' ;
scene.add (new DirectionalLightHelper (dirLight, 2 ));
scene.add (new PointLightHelper (pointLight, 0.5 ));
scene.add (new SpotLightHelper (spotLight));
scene.add (new HemisphereLightHelper (hemiLight, 1 ));
spotHelper.update ();
Performance Tips
Limit shadow-casting lights — each adds a render pass. 1–2 maximum on mobileUse HemisphereLight instead of AmbientLight outdoors — more realistic for the same costDisable castShadow on small/distant objects — only the floor and large props need shadowsTight shadow camera frustum — shadow precision is proportional to frustum size; fit it to visible areaShadow map pooling — Three.js reuses shadow map textures; don't create lights dynamicallyUse environment maps for static PBR lighting — scene.environment + no dynamic lights is fastest
console .log ('Lights:' , renderer.info .programs );
const lightCount = scene.children .filter (c =>isLight ).length ;
See Also
threejs-fundamentals — scene setup and renderer configurationthreejs-materials — PBR material properties that interact with lightingthreejs-textures — HDR and environment map texture loadingthree-js-best-practices — shadow map budget and light count limits 