| name | natural-environment-teaching |
| description | Use when designing naturalistic teaching procedures, embedding learning opportunities in ongoing activities, implementing incidental teaching or milieu strategies, or programming for generalization of skills taught in structured formats. |
Natural Environment Teaching (NET)
Natural environment teaching encompasses a family of naturalistic, learner-directed instructional procedures that embed teaching opportunities within ongoing activities, routines, and play. NET leverages the learner's existing motivation (establishing operations) to create functional learning opportunities that promote generalization and maintenance from the outset.
Core Principles
Motivation as the Engine
NET is organized around the learner's current motivating operations (MOs). Rather than creating artificial motivation through contrived S^Ds, the clinician identifies or arranges conditions where the learner is already motivated to access items, activities, or social interactions. Teaching occurs at the moment of motivation, making the learned response immediately functional.
Capturing vs. Contriving Motivation
Capturing: The clinician observes the learner's naturally occurring interests and uses those moments as teaching opportunities. The learner reaches for a toy — the clinician prompts a mand before delivering it. The learner looks at an airplane overhead — the clinician models "airplane" and waits for an echoic.
Contriving: The clinician arranges the environment to create motivation. Strategies include:
- Placing preferred items in view but out of reach
- Providing insufficient materials (one crayon for a coloring activity)
- Sabotage — giving a sealed container, a broken toy, or missing pieces
- Offering non-preferred items to occasion a request for something else
- Interrupting a chain (pausing a preferred routine to create an MO to request continuation)
Incidental Teaching (Hart & Risley, 1975)
The original incidental teaching procedure follows a specific sequence:
- Arrange the environment to increase the probability of child-initiated interactions (preferred items visible, varied materials available)
- Wait for child initiation — the child approaches, reaches, vocalizes, or gestures toward something in the environment
- Use the initiation as a teaching opportunity — prompt an elaborated response (e.g., if the child says "ball," prompt "I want the red ball")
- Provide assistance if needed — model, mand-model, or physically prompt the target response
- Deliver the natural reinforcer — give the child the item or activity they initiated toward
The natural reinforcer is critical: the consequence is the item/activity that motivated the initiation, not an arbitrary reinforcer. This maintains the functional relationship between the response and its consequence.
Milieu Teaching Strategies
Model
The clinician presents a verbal model of the target response in the context of the child's interest. If the child imitates, they receive the item. If no imitation occurs, the clinician models again and may prompt.
Mand-Model
The clinician presents a mand (a question or instruction) related to the child's interest: "What do you want?" or "Tell me what you need." If the child responds correctly, they receive the item. If not, the clinician models the correct response.
Time Delay
The clinician creates a natural opportunity (e.g., holding a desired item) and waits a specified interval (5–15 seconds) for the child to initiate. If the child initiates with the target response, they receive the item. If no initiation occurs, the clinician provides a prompt.
Incidental Teaching
As described above — waiting for child-initiated interest, requesting elaboration, prompting if needed, delivering the natural reinforcer.
These strategies form a hierarchy of intrusiveness: model (most intrusive) → mand-model → time delay → incidental teaching (least intrusive, most child-directed).
Implementation Procedures
Environment Arrangement
- Stock the environment with a variety of preferred and novel items
- Rotate materials regularly to maintain novelty and motivation
- Place items at the child's eye level but control access to high-preference items
- Create opportunities for requesting (materials out of reach, assistance needed)
- Include social games and interactive activities, not just tangible items
Following the Child's Lead
- Observe what the child approaches, manipulates, or attends to
- Comment on the child's activity rather than redirecting to a clinician-chosen activity
- Join the child's play and expand on it
- Avoid rapid-fire questioning that disrupts engagement
- Allow the child to shift activities; follow the shift and create new opportunities
Embedding Targets Across Activities
Plan target skills that can be addressed across multiple activities and contexts:
- Manding can be targeted during snack, play, outdoor time, art
- Tacting can be targeted during book reading, walks, sensory bins
- Intraverbals can be embedded in songs, social routines, story retelling
- Social skills can be targeted during peer play, group activities, transitions
Balancing Structure with Naturalness
NET requires planning and intention despite appearing unstructured. Before each session:
- Identify 3–5 target skills to address
- Prepare environmental arrangements for each target
- Set a minimum number of teaching opportunities per target
- Have prompt hierarchies and error correction plans ready
- Decide on data collection method
Data Collection in NET
Data collection is more challenging in NET than in DTT because trials are not clinician-initiated. Strategies:
- Frequency count: Tally teaching opportunities per target, with prompted vs. independent columns
- Partial interval recording: Sample brief intervals to capture response rates
- Probe sheets: Record first opportunity of each target per session
- Narrative data: Brief notes on context, MO, prompt level, and outcome
- Video analysis: Record sessions and score trials afterward for research or training purposes
When to Use NET
NET is indicated when:
- Teaching functional communication (mands) in context
- Building generalization of skills acquired in DTT
- The learner has motivation or compliance difficulties in structured formats
- Targeting social, play, and conversational skills
- Working with learners who have strong item preferences that can drive teaching
- Programming for maintenance in natural routines
- Teaching caregivers to implement interventions at home
Combining NET with DTT
The most effective programs combine structured and naturalistic teaching. A common model:
- Introduce new skills in DTT for efficient initial acquisition
- Transfer to NET to build functional use, generalization, and maintenance
- Probe in natural settings to verify generalization has occurred
- Maintain in NET through ongoing naturalistic opportunities
Some learners acquire skills more readily in NET from the start; others require the structure of DTT before transferring. Individualize based on data.
Advantages
- Skills are immediately functional because they are taught in context
- Generalization is programmed from the outset
- Maintains learner motivation through natural reinforcement
- Reduces problem behavior maintained by escape from demands
- Teaches spontaneous, self-initiated responding
- Easily implemented by caregivers in home and community settings
Limitations
- Lower trial density compared to DTT
- Data collection is more complex and less precise
- Requires skilled clinicians who can identify and capture teaching moments rapidly
- Dependent on learner having identifiable MOs; limited utility if learner shows restricted interests
- Harder to standardize across therapists without training and fidelity checks
Key References
- Hart, B., & Risley, T. R. (1975). Incidental teaching of language in the preschool. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 8(4), 411–420.
- Hart, B., & Risley, T. R. (1968). Establishing use of descriptive adjectives in the spontaneous speech of disadvantaged preschool children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(2), 109–120.
- Sundberg, M. L., & Partington, J. W. (1998). Teaching Language to Children with Autism or Other Developmental Disabilities. Behavior Analysts, Inc.
- McGee, G. G., Krantz, P. J., & McClannahan, L. E. (1985). The facilitative effects of incidental teaching on preposition use by autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18(1), 17–31.
- Kaiser, A. P., & Hester, P. P. (1994). Generalized effects of enhanced milieu teaching. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37(6), 1320–1340.
- Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied Behavior Analysis (3rd ed.). Pearson.
