Cyber-physical / industrial control system (ICS-SCADA) architecture in general: the Purdue model levels, control loops, IT/OT convergence, OT security (IEC 62443, segmentation, zero-trust for OT), safety, determinism, and redundancy. Architect-level, beyond…
Distributed-ledger / blockchain architecture in general (engine-agnostic): when a ledger beats a database, consensus families (PoW/PoS/BFT), L1 vs L2 (rollups, channels, sidechains), permissioned vs permissionless, UTXO vs account models, and the scalability…
Game-engine architecture, engine-agnostic: the game loop (fixed vs variable timestep), ECS vs scene-graph/OOP, the render pipeline, core subsystems (physics, audio, animation, assets, memory), and netcode models. Architect- level, beyond any specific engine.…
Architecture of LLM agent systems: orchestration topologies (single agent, supervisor/sub-agents, pipelines, networks), memory/context strategy, the tool layer, and human-in-the-loop/control. Architect-level system design, not prompt wording. USE WHEN:…
Selecting accelerators for AI workloads: GPU vs TPU vs NPU vs FPGA vs CPU, and the metrics that actually decide it — memory capacity & bandwidth, TOPS/ FLOPS, interconnect, and cost/Watt. Architect-level hardware-fit reasoning. USE WHEN: choosing AI…
Edge / on-device AI inference architecture: running models on MCUs, NPUs, mobile, and mini-PCs; quantization for edge, TOPS/memory/energy budgets, TinyML, and the latency case for on-device vs cloud. Architect-level. USE WHEN: designing on-device/edge AI,…
Hybrid edge-cloud AI architecture: local-first inference with cloud escalation, model cascading, and splitting the workload across device and datacenter to balance latency, cost, privacy, and quality. Architect-level topology. USE WHEN: designing systems that…
LLM/model inference serving architecture: the engine → serving → orchestration layering (vLLM/SGLang/TensorRT-LLM, Triton, KServe/Ray Serve), KV-cache & continuous batching, prefill-decode disaggregation, and scaling. Architect-level topology, not model…