| name | chemistry |
| description | CBSE Grade 12 Chemistry — Full Syllabus Mastery (2026-27). Covers Physical, Inorganic, and the 33-mark Organic giant. Target: 70/70 Theory + 30/30 Practical. |
Chemistry — CBSE Grade 12 (PCMB/PCMC)
Syllabus Blueprint (2026–27)
| Unit | Chapters | Marks |
|---|
| Physical | Solutions, Electrochemistry, Chemical Kinetics | 23 |
| Inorganic | d- and f- Block Elements, Coordination Compounds | 14 |
| Organic | Haloalkanes, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Amines, Biomolecules | 33 |
| Total | 10 Chapters | 70 |
Unit I: Physical Chemistry (23 Marks)
Key Concepts
- Solutions: Raoult's Law, Ideal/Non-ideal solutions, Colligative properties (Elevation in BP, Depression in FP, Osmotic Pressure), van't Hoff factor.
- Electrochemistry: Nernst Equation, Conductivity, Molar Conductivity, Kohlrausch's Law, Faraday's Laws, Fuel cells, Corrosion.
- Kinetics: Rate of reaction, Order/Molecularity, Integrated rate equations (Zero and First order), Half-life, Arrhenius Equation.
Key Formulas
Raoult's Law: P = P^o \chi
Elevation in BP: \Delta T_b = i K_b m
Depression in FP: \Delta T_f = i K_f m
Osmotic Pressure: \pi = i CRT
Nernst Eq: E_{cell} = E^o_{cell} - \frac{0.0591}{n} \log Q
Molar Conductivity: \Lambda_m = \frac{\kappa \times 1000}{M}
First Order Rate: k = \frac{2.303}{t} \log \frac{[R]_0}{[R]}
Half-life (1st order): t_{1/2} = \frac{0.693}{k}
Arrhenius: \log \frac{k_2}{k_1} = \frac{E_a}{2.303R} \left( \frac{1}{T_1} - \frac{1}{T_2} \right)
Unit II: Inorganic Chemistry (14 Marks)
Key Concepts
- d- and f- Block: Electronic configuration, Transition metal properties (Colored ions, Catalytic property, Alloy formation), Lanthanoid contraction.
- Coordination Compounds: Werner’s theory, IUPAC nomenclature, VBT (Hybridization/Magnetic moment), CFT (Crystal field splitting), Isomerism.
High-Yield Facts
- KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7: Preparation and oxidizing properties (Structure is high-yield).
- VBT: Identifying Inner/Outer orbital complexes (e.g., $[Co(NH_3)_6]^{3+}$ vs $[CoF_6]^{3-}$).
- CFT: Strong field vs Weak field ligands (Spectrochemical series).
Unit III: Organic Chemistry (33 Marks) - The Giant
1. Named Reactions (The Topper's Core)
- Haloalkanes: Finkelstein, Swarts, Wurtz-Fittig, Sandmeyer.
- Alcohols/Phenols: Reimer-Tiemann, Kolbe’s reaction, Williamson Synthesis.
- Aldehydes/Ketones: Rosenmund, Stephen, Etard, Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, Aldol, Cannizzaro.
- Amines: Hoffmann Bromamide, Gabriel Phthalimide.
2. Distinction Tests (Section C/D)
- Lucas Test: Primary (slow), Secondary (5 min), Tertiary (immediate turbidity).
- Tollens' / Fehling's: Aldehydes (Positive) vs Ketones (Negative).
- Iodoform Test: Methyl ketones and alcohols with $CH_3-CH(OH)-$ group.
- Hinsberg’s Test: Distinction between 1°, 2°, and 3° amines.
3. Mechanisms (High-Frequency 3-Markers)
- SN1 vs SN2: Nucleophilic substitution in haloalkanes.
- Dehydration of Ethanol: To Ethene ($443K$) or Ethoxyethane ($413K$).
- Acid-catalyzed hydration of Alkenes.
- Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl groups.
Unit IV: Biomolecules (7 Marks)
- Carbohydrates: Glucose (Structure/Reactions), Glycosidic linkage.
- Proteins: Amino acids, Peptide linkage, Denaturation.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA vs RNA, Nucleosides vs Nucleotides.
High-Yield Strategy (Target 495+)
- Physical: Master the numericals from Nernst Equation and First Order Kinetics.
- Inorganic: Learn the IUPAC rules and CFT logic for Coordination compounds.
- Organic: Create a "Reaction Map". 5 marks usually come from "Conversion" or "Roadmap" questions ($A \to B \to C$).
- Graph Analysis: Study the graphs for Zero/First order reactions and Vapour pressure.
Common Board Exam Traps
- Sign Conventions: $E^o_{cell}$ calculation errors (Cathode - Anode).
- Conversions: Forgetting to change units in Colligative property numericals ($g$ to $kg$).
- Reagents: Confusing $LiAlH_4$ (strong reducer) with $NaBH_4$ (mild).
- IUPAC: Forgetting the alphabetical order of ligands in coordination naming.
Answer Writing Framework
- Physical: State formula $\to$ Substitute with units $\to$ Final Answer boxed.
- Inorganic: Use clear reasoning (e.g., "Due to d-d transition" or "Lanthanoid contraction").
- Organic: Write the full equation with the Reagent on the arrow. If asked for a mechanism, show the Curly Arrows.
Internal Assessment (30 Marks)
- Volumetric Analysis: Titration of KMnO4 (8M).
- Salt Analysis: Identification of Cation/Anion (8M).
- Viva: Be ready for "End point" and "Confirmatory test" logic.
