camera

name	camera
description	Camera in FlatRedBall2. Use when working with camera setup, background color, world bounds, window resolution, scrolling, screen shake, coordinate conversion between world and screen space, AspectPolicy / ResizeMode / DominantAxis, or Camera.OrthogonalWidth/OrthogonalHeight. Trigger on any camera-related question including viewport, following a player, letterboxing, or screen boundaries.

Camera in FlatRedBall2

Every Screen has a Camera property. Access it directly — no initialization required.

Screen.Camera   // type: FlatRedBall2.Rendering.Camera

Background Color

Camera.BackgroundColor = Color.Black;       // default
Camera.BackgroundColor = Color.CornflowerBlue;

Set this in CustomInitialize. It applies immediately.

World Bounds

Camera.OrthogonalWidth and Camera.OrthogonalHeight are the visible world extents at Zoom = 1. They are computed by the engine from DisplaySettings — do not assign directly.

World coordinates are centered at the origin:

• X ∈ [−OrthogonalWidth/2, OrthogonalWidth/2]
• Y ∈ [−OrthogonalHeight/2, OrthogonalHeight/2]

Y+ is up (see physics-and-movement).

wall.Y = -Camera.OrthogonalHeight / 2f;  // bottom of screen

Prefer Camera.Left/Right/Top/Bottom for edges — they account for Zoom and camera position.

Screen-edge boundaries (keeping entities in bounds) are a collision concern, not a camera concern — use wall entities or TileShapes. See the collision-relationships and shapes skills.

DisplaySettings — Resolution, Aspect, Zoom

FlatRedBallService.Default.DisplaySettings controls how the camera is configured at each screen start. Set these before calling Start<T>() or between screens.

var ds = FlatRedBallService.Default.DisplaySettings;
ds.ResolutionWidth  = 1280;          // design world width  in world units
ds.ResolutionHeight = 720;           // design world height in world units
ds.AspectPolicy     = AspectPolicy.Locked;       // default: pillar/letterbox to aspect
ds.FixedAspectRatio = null;          // default: derive from Resolution; set to override
ds.DominantAxis     = DominantAxis.Height;       // default: pin design height when aspect differs
ds.ResizeMode       = ResizeMode.StretchVisibleArea; // default: same world always visible
ds.LetterboxColor   = Color.Black;
ds.WindowMode       = WindowMode.Windowed;       // or FullscreenBorderless
ds.PreferredWindowWidth  = 1280;     // startup window pixel size (null = leave as-is)
ds.PreferredWindowHeight = 720;
ds.AllowUserResizing = false;        // default: fixed canvas; set true to let the player resize
ds.TextureFilterMode = TextureFilterMode.Point; // default: crisp pixel art; Linear for smooth-scaled/card art

Three Knobs: AspectPolicy × ResizeMode × DominantAxis

Three orthogonal settings decide what the player sees on resize. The defaults are the safe choice — pillarbox to design aspect, world stays put, no distortion ever.

AspectPolicy

• Locked (default) — viewport is centered inside the window with letterbox/pillarbox bars to enforce the effective aspect ratio. Aspect comes from FixedAspectRatio if set, else ResolutionWidth/ResolutionHeight.
• Free — viewport fills the window. The visible world's aspect follows the window's; resizing changes how much world is visible.

ResizeMode

• StretchVisibleArea (default) — the dominant-axis world extent is fixed at its Resolution* value. A larger window just rescales pixels. Combined with Locked aspect, the entire design world is always exactly visible.
• IncreaseVisibleArea — pixels-per-world-unit is fixed at Zoom. A larger window reveals more world (proportionally on both axes under Locked, on the non-dominant axis under Free + Stretch — see below).

DominantAxis

Consulted under Free, or under Locked if FixedAspectRatio is set to a value that differs from the design ratio.

• Height (default) — design height stays at ResolutionHeight; design width tracks the effective aspect.
• Width — design width stays at ResolutionWidth; design height tracks.

Recipes

Default — locked aspect, no surprises (recommended for fixed-camera games):

ds.ResolutionWidth  = 240;   ds.ResolutionHeight = 320;
ds.PreferredWindowWidth = 720; ds.PreferredWindowHeight = 960;  // 3× scale
// AspectPolicy.Locked, ResizeMode.StretchVisibleArea, FixedAspectRatio=null are all defaults
ds.AllowUserResizing = true;

Result: 240×320 world always visible. Resize freely — the rendered area pillarboxes/letterboxes to keep 0.75 aspect; the playfield never grows.

Pixel-art crisp scaling that grows with the window:

ds.AspectPolicy = AspectPolicy.Free;
ds.ResizeMode   = ResizeMode.IncreaseVisibleArea;
// Pixels-per-unit comes from PreferredWindowWidth/Height vs ResolutionWidth/Height,
// or from a CustomInitialize override of Camera.Zoom for non-default starts.

No bars; bigger window reveals more world on both axes. Sprites stay at native pixel size.

Side-scroller — fixed camera height, world width tracks window aspect:

ds.AspectPolicy = AspectPolicy.Free;
ds.DominantAxis = DominantAxis.Height;
ds.ResizeMode   = ResizeMode.StretchVisibleArea;

Window grows wider → more level visible horizontally. Window grows taller → height stays at ResolutionHeight, pixels just bigger.

Explicit display ratio different from design (e.g. 320×240 design always rendered 16:9):

ds.ResolutionWidth = 320; ds.ResolutionHeight = 240;
ds.AspectPolicy     = AspectPolicy.Locked;
ds.FixedAspectRatio = 16f / 9f;        // override; design gets letterboxed inside 16:9
ds.DominantAxis     = DominantAxis.Height;

Runtime Camera Zoom

Camera.Zoom = 2f;   // zoom in: shows half the world area
Camera.Zoom = 0.5f; // zoom out: shows double the world area

Camera.Zoom is reset to 1f at the start of each new screen. Screens that want a non-default starting zoom assign Camera.Zoom in CustomInitialize. Most games leave runtime zoom at 1 — the on-screen scale comes from the window-vs-resolution ratio, not from Zoom.

Window Resolution and Fullscreen

Camera.OrthogonalWidth/Height do not control the actual window pixel size. Window size is set via DisplaySettings and applied in two ways:

Startup — Initialize<T> sizes the window from the starting screen's PreferredDisplaySettings, falling back to the engine's, so set them in the constructor and the window opens at that size:

public Game1()
{
    _graphics = new GraphicsDeviceManager(this);
    var ds = FlatRedBallService.Default.DisplaySettings;
    ds.PreferredWindowWidth  = 1280;
    ds.PreferredWindowHeight = 720;
}

A Glue project's own display block wins over both — it is applied as the project loads, before sizing.

Runtime (settings menu, F11 toggle) — call ApplyWindowSettings at any time:

var newMode = Engine.DisplaySettings.WindowMode == WindowMode.Windowed
    ? WindowMode.FullscreenBorderless
    : WindowMode.Windowed;
Engine.ApplyWindowSettings(new DisplaySettings { WindowMode = newMode });

Camera Position (Scrolling)

For fixed-screen games (Pong, etc.), leave Camera.X = 0 and Camera.Y = 0 (the defaults).

For manual scrolling, set Camera.X/Camera.Y each frame from CustomActivity:

Camera.X = player.X;
Camera.Y = player.Y;

Camera Physics — Smooth Movement and Transitions

Camera has the same velocity and acceleration properties as Entity:

Camera.VelocityX    // world units/sec — applied each frame by the engine physics loop
Camera.VelocityY
Camera.AccelerationX
Camera.AccelerationY

The camera is updated by the same physics loop as entities — set velocity or acceleration and it moves automatically each frame. Do not lerp Camera.X/Camera.Y manually — use velocity instead.

// Slide camera right one screen width per second
Camera.VelocityX = Camera.OrthogonalWidth;

For a timed one-shot slide, use an async delay to stop it:

float targetX = Camera.X + Camera.OrthogonalWidth;
Camera.VelocityX = Camera.OrthogonalWidth;
await Engine.Time.DelaySeconds(1.0, Token);
Camera.VelocityX = 0f;
Camera.X = targetX;   // snap to exact position to eliminate drift

Note: Camera has no Drag property — velocity must be zeroed explicitly.

CameraControllingEntity — Automatic Following

CameraControllingEntity (in FlatRedBall2.Entities) is an Entity subclass that handles following, map clamping, deadzone, pixel-snapping, and screen shake automatically.

Always create it via Factory<CameraControllingEntity> — Factory calls CustomInitialize, which wires up the camera. Screen.Register does NOT call CustomInitialize.

private Factory<CameraControllingEntity> _cameraFactory = null!;

public override void CustomInitialize()
{
    _cameraFactory = new Factory<CameraControllingEntity>(this);

    var mapBounds = new BoundsRectangle(2560f, 1440f); // centered at origin

    var cam = _cameraFactory.Create();
    cam.Target = player;
    cam.Map = mapBounds;               // clamps camera; null = no bounds
    cam.TargetApproachStyle = TargetApproachStyle.Smooth;
    cam.TargetApproachCoefficient = 8f;
}

When using a TileMap, derive bounds from the map instead of hardcoding:

cam.Map = new BoundsRectangle(map.X + map.Width / 2f, map.Y - map.Height / 2f, map.Width, map.Height);

Approach styles: Immediate, Smooth, ConstantSpeed.

Deadzone:

cam.ScrollingWindowWidth  = 200f;
cam.ScrollingWindowHeight = 120f;

Pixel-perfect snapping — on by default (SnapToPixel = true). Uses Camera.PixelsPerUnit.

Screen shake (async; pass Token to cancel on screen transition):

_ = cam.ShakeScreen(radius: 8f, durationInSeconds: 0.4f, Token);

Multi-target auto-zoom (frames all targets in view):

cam.EnableAutoZooming(defaultZoom: Camera.Zoom, furthestMultiplier: 3f);

Coordinate Conversion

System.Numerics.Vector2 screenPos = Camera.WorldToScreen(worldPos);
System.Numerics.Vector2 worldPos  = Camera.ScreenToWorld(screenPos);

Free-Roaming Camera (No Entity to Follow)

Drive the camera directly from screen CustomActivity. Set velocity each frame (no Drag — zero it explicitly):

const float PanSpeed = 400f;
const float MapHalfW = 128 * 16 / 2f;
const float MapHalfH = 128 * 16 / 2f;

var kb = Engine.Input.Keyboard;

Camera.VelocityX = 0f;
Camera.VelocityY = 0f;

if (kb.IsKeyDown(Keys.A) || kb.IsKeyDown(Keys.Left))  Camera.VelocityX = -PanSpeed;
if (kb.IsKeyDown(Keys.D) || kb.IsKeyDown(Keys.Right)) Camera.VelocityX =  PanSpeed;
if (kb.IsKeyDown(Keys.S) || kb.IsKeyDown(Keys.Down))  Camera.VelocityY = -PanSpeed;
if (kb.IsKeyDown(Keys.W) || kb.IsKeyDown(Keys.Up))    Camera.VelocityY =  PanSpeed;

Camera.X = Math.Clamp(Camera.X, -MapHalfW + Camera.OrthogonalWidth  / 2f,
                                  MapHalfW - Camera.OrthogonalWidth  / 2f);
Camera.Y = Math.Clamp(Camera.Y, -MapHalfH + Camera.OrthogonalHeight / 2f,
                                  MapHalfH - Camera.OrthogonalHeight / 2f);

Scroll Wheel Zoom with Clamp

const float ZoomStep = 0.1f, ZoomMin = 0.5f, ZoomMax = 3.0f;

int scroll = Engine.Input.Cursor.ScrollWheelDelta;
if (scroll != 0)
{
    float direction = scroll > 0 ? 1f : -1f;
    Camera.Zoom = Math.Clamp(Camera.Zoom + direction * ZoomStep, ZoomMin, ZoomMax);
}

Camera.Zoom is reset on every screen transition. For a persistent zoom, store it in a field and re-apply in CustomInitialize.

Gotchas

• Camera.OrthogonalWidth/Height ≠ window pixel size. Under default Locked + Stretch, OrthogonalWidth/Height equal ResolutionWidth/Height regardless of window size — the window is just rescaled to fit. Under Free + Stretch, the non-dominant axis tracks the window aspect; under IncreaseVisibleArea, both axes track viewport pixels.
• Express on-screen scale via window-vs-resolution, not zoom. A 426×240 design rendered to a 1280×720 window auto-scales 3×. Setting Camera.Zoom = 3 on top of that zooms in 3× (showing 1/3 of the design world) — almost always wrong. Reserve Camera.Zoom for runtime cinematic effects.
• Do not set OrthogonalWidth/OrthogonalHeight directly. They have internal set and are managed by the engine from DisplaySettings. Use Camera.Zoom for runtime zoom.
• Viewport edge coordinates: Use Camera.Left, Camera.Right, Camera.Top, Camera.Bottom — these are Zoom- and position-correct. Do not compute edges from Camera.X ± Camera.OrthogonalWidth / 2f.
• Gum HUD (Camera.Add/Screen.Add) is independent of Camera position, not Zoom. Gum X/Y are screen pixels, Y-down from the top-left — panning (Camera.X/Y) never shifts them, but Zoom rescales them by design (HUD shares PixelsPerUnit with world content, for camera-relative HUD effects). For HUD that must ignore Zoom — e.g. a cinematic zoom-in that shouldn't touch the leaderboard — use a Layer { IsScreenSpace = true } (per-camera, viewport-scoped, correct in split-screen) or Screen.AddOverlay (screen-wide). See gum-integration.
• TextureFilterMode (Point/Linear) is per-screen via PreferredDisplaySettings, same override mechanism as everything else above — defaults to Point; the four sprite render batches read it from FlatRedBallService.Default.DisplaySettings.
• AllowUserResizing defaults to false. Set to true opt-in. The default Locked aspect policy means resize is safe (pillarboxes), but you must opt in for the player to be able to drag window borders.