helm

name	helm
description	Design, organize, and manage Helm charts for templating and packaging Kubernetes applications with reusable configurations. Use when creating Helm charts, packaging Kubernetes applications, or implementing templated deployments.

Helm Overview

Helm is the package manager for Kubernetes that:

• Templates Kubernetes manifests for reusability
• Manages application releases and rollbacks
• Handles dependencies between charts
• Provides version control for deployments
• Simplifies configuration management across environments

Step-by-Step Workflow

1. Initialize Chart Structure

Create new chart:

helm create my-app

Standard chart structure:

my-app/
├── Chart.yaml           # Chart metadata
├── values.yaml          # Default configuration values
├── charts/              # Chart dependencies
├── templates/           # Kubernetes manifest templates
│   ├── NOTES.txt       # Post-install notes
│   ├── _helpers.tpl    # Template helpers
│   ├── deployment.yaml
│   ├── service.yaml
│   ├── ingress.yaml
│   ├── serviceaccount.yaml
│   ├── hpa.yaml
│   └── tests/
│       └── test-connection.yaml
└── .helmignore         # Files to ignore

2. Configure Chart.yaml

Chart metadata defines the package:

apiVersion: v2
name: my-app
description: A Helm chart for My Application
type: application
version: 1.0.0 # Chart version
appVersion: "2.1.0" # Application version

# Keywords for chart discovery
keywords:
  - web
  - api
  - backend

# Maintainer information
maintainers:
  - name: DevOps Team
    email: [e-mail]
    url: https://github.com/example/my-app

# Source code repository
sources:
  - https://github.com/example/my-app

# Homepage
home: https://example.com

# Chart icon
icon: https://example.com/icon.png

# Dependencies
dependencies:
  - name: postgresql
    version: "12.0.0"
    repository: <specified>
    condition: postgresql.enabled
  - name: redis
    version: "17.0.0"
    repository: <specified>
    condition: redis.enabled

Reference: See assets/Chart.yaml.template for complete example

3. Design values.yaml Structure

Organize values hierarchically:

# Image configuration
image:
  repository: myapp
  tag: "1.0.0"
  pullPolicy: IfNotPresent

# Number of replicas
replicaCount: 3

# Service configuration
service:
  type: ClusterIP
  port: 80
  targetPort: 8080

# Ingress configuration
ingress:
  enabled: false
  className: nginx
  hosts:
    - host: app.example.com
      paths:
        - path: /
          pathType: Prefix

# Resources
resources:
  requests:
    memory: "256Mi"
    cpu: "250m"
  limits:
    memory: "512Mi"
    cpu: "500m"

# Autoscaling
autoscaling:
  enabled: false
  minReplicas: 2
  maxReplicas: 10
  targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 80

# Environment variables
env:
  - name: LOG_LEVEL
    value: "info"

# ConfigMap data
configMap:
  data:
    APP_MODE: production

# Dependencies
postgresql:
  enabled: true
  auth:
    database: myapp
    username: myapp

redis:
  enabled: false

4. Create Template Files

Use Go templating with Helm functions:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: {{ include "my-app.fullname" . }}
  labels:
    {{- include "my-app.labels" . | nindent 4 }}
spec:
  {{- if not .Values.autoscaling.enabled }}
  replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }}
  {{- end }}
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      {{- include "my-app.selectorLabels" . | nindent 6 }}
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        {{- include "my-app.selectorLabels" . | nindent 8 }}
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: {{ .Chart.Name }}
        image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag | default .Chart.AppVersion }}"
        imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.image.pullPolicy }}
        ports:
        - name: http
          containerPort: {{ .Values.service.targetPort }}
        resources:
          {{- toYaml .Values.resources | nindent 12 }}
        env:
          {{- toYaml .Values.env | nindent 12 }}

5. Create Template Helpers

{{/*
Expand the name of the chart.
*/}}
{{- define "my-app.name" -}}
{{- default .Chart.Name .Values.nameOverride | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }}
{{- end }}

{{/*
Create a default fully qualified app name.
*/}}
{{- define "my-app.fullname" -}}
{{- if .Values.fullnameOverride }}
{{- .Values.fullnameOverride | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }}
{{- else }}
{{- $name := default .Chart.Name .Values.nameOverride }}
{{- if contains $name .Release.Name }}
{{- .Release.Name | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }}
{{- else }}
{{- printf "%s-%s" .Release.Name $name | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }}
{{- end }}
{{- end }}
{{- end }}

{{/*
Common labels
*/}}
{{- define "my-app.labels" -}}
helm.sh/chart: {{ include "my-app.chart" . }}
{{ include "my-app.selectorLabels" . }}
{{- if .Chart.AppVersion }}
app.kubernetes.io/version: {{ .Chart.AppVersion | quote }}
{{- end }}
app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: {{ .Release.Service }}
{{- end }}

{{/*
Selector labels
*/}}
{{- define "my-app.selectorLabels" -}}
app.kubernetes.io/name: {{ include "my-app.name" . }}
app.kubernetes.io/instance: {{ .Release.Name }}
{{- end }}

6. Manage Dependencies

Add dependencies in Chart.yaml:

dependencies:
  - name: postgresql
    version: "12.0.0"
    repository: <specified>
    condition: postgresql.enabled

Update dependencies:

helm dependency update
helm dependency build

Override dependency values:

# values.yaml
postgresql:
  enabled: true
  auth:
    database: myapp
    username: myapp
    password: changeme
  primary:
    persistence:
      enabled: true
      size: 10Gi

7. Test and Validate

Validation commands:

# Lint the chart
helm lint my-app/

# Dry-run installation
helm install my-app ./my-app --dry-run --debug

# Template rendering
helm template my-app ./my-app

# Template with values
helm template my-app ./my-app -f values-prod.yaml

# Show computed values
helm show values ./my-app

Validation script:

#!/bin/bash
set -e

echo "Linting chart..."
helm lint .

echo "Testing template rendering..."
helm template test-release . --dry-run

echo "Checking for required values..."
helm template test-release . --validate

echo "All validations passed!"

8. Package and Distribute

Package the chart:

helm package my-app/
# Creates: my-app-1.0.0.tgz

Create chart repository:

# Create index
helm repo index .

Use the chart:

helm repo add my-repo https://charts.example.com
helm repo update
helm install my-app my-repo/my-app

9. Multi-Environment Configuration

Environment-specific values files:

my-app/
├── values.yaml          # Defaults
├── values-dev.yaml      # Development
├── values-staging.yaml  # Staging
└── values-prod.yaml     # Production

values-prod.yaml:

replicaCount: 5

image:
  tag: "2.1.0"

resources:
  requests:
    memory: "512Mi"
    cpu: "500m"
  limits:
    memory: "1Gi"
    cpu: "1000m"

autoscaling:
  enabled: true
  minReplicas: 3
  maxReplicas: 20

ingress:
  enabled: true
  hosts:
    - host: app.example.com
      paths:
        - path: /
          pathType: Prefix

postgresql:
  enabled: true
  primary:
    persistence:
      size: 100Gi

Install with environment:

helm install my-app ./my-app -f values-prod.yaml --namespace staging

10. Implement Hooks and Tests

Pre-install hook:

# templates/pre-install-job.yaml
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  name: {{ include "my-app.fullname" . }}-db-setup
  annotations:
    "helm.sh/hook": pre-install
    "helm.sh/hook-weight": "-5"
    "helm.sh/hook-delete-policy": hook-succeeded
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: db-setup
        image: postgres:15
        command: ["psql", "-c", "CREATE DATABASE myapp"]
      restartPolicy: Never

Test connection:

# templates/tests/test-connection.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: "{{ include "my-app.fullname" . }}-test-connection"
  annotations:
    "helm.sh/hook": test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: wget
    image: busybox
    command: ['wget']
    args: ['{{ include "my-app.fullname" . }}:{{ .Values.service.port }}']
  restartPolicy: Never

Run tests:

helm test my-app

Common Patterns

Pattern 1: Conditional Resources

{{- if .Values.ingress.enabled }}
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: {{ include "my-app.fullname" . }}
spec:
  # ...
{{- end }}

Pattern 2: Iterating Over Lists

env:
{{- range .Values.env }}
- name: {{ .name }}
  value: {{ .value | quote }}
{{- end }}

Pattern 3: Including Files

data:
  config.yaml: |
    {{- .Files.Get "config/application.yaml" | nindent 4 }}

Pattern 4: Global Values

global:
  imageRegistry: docker.io
  imagePullSecrets:
    - name: regcred

# Use in templates:
image: {{ .Values.global.imageRegistry }}/{{ .Values.image.repository }}

Best Practices

1. Use semantic versioning for chart and app versions
2. Document all values in values.yaml with comments
3. Use template helpers for repeated logic
4. Validate charts before packaging
5. Pin dependency versions explicitly
6. Use conditions for optional resources
7. Follow naming conventions (lowercase, hyphens)
8. Include NOTES.txt with usage instructions
9. Add labels consistently using helpers
10. Test installations in all environments

Troubleshooting

Template rendering errors:

helm template my-app ./my-app --debug

Dependency issues:

helm dependency update
helm dependency list

Installation failures:

helm install my-app ./my-app --dry-run --debug
kubectl get events --sort-by='.lastTimestamp'