| name | workforce-planning |
| description | Use when building or reviewing a headcount plan — covers connecting plan to strategy, ramp time, build/buy/borrow, and capacity reconciliation. |
Workforce Planning
Core Principle: Outcomes Before Headcount
Headcount is the output of the plan. The plan starts with required outcomes, derives roles, models capacity, and then sums to headcount.
A plan that starts with "we need 80 people next year" and works backward is upside-down.
Plan Construction
- Translate strategy to outcomes: revenue plan, product roadmap, OKRs
- Translate outcomes to roles: which roles produce these outcomes?
- Estimate productive capacity per role: with ramp time
- Subtract current capacity: account for existing employees and known attrition
- Derive net hires: with start dates and ramp curves
- Reconcile to financial plan: dollar cost, fully loaded
- Stage the hires: align with revenue, fundraise, product milestones
Build / Buy / Borrow
For each capability gap:
- Build: train an existing employee. Cheapest if the person exists; slowest if they don't
- Buy: hire externally. Faster but more expensive and risky
- Borrow: contractor, fractional, agency, advisor. Right when work is bounded or role uncertain
Most plans default to "buy." Audit and push toward "build" or "borrow" where appropriate.
Ramp Time Modeling
A new hire produces fractional output during ramp:
| Role type | Ramp curve |
|---|
| IC, well-defined | 20% in month 1; 50% by month 3; 80% by month 6; 100% by month 9 |
| IC, ambiguous | 10% month 1; 30% month 3; 60% month 6; 100% month 12 |
| Manager | Slower: 50% by month 3; full by month 9–12 |
| Senior leader | 12–18 months to full productivity |
Model this explicitly in plans. Validate against historicals (track actual ramp curves to refine).
Capacity vs. Roadmap Audit
Quarterly:
- List committed initiatives
- Estimate capacity required (in person-months or similar)
- Compare to actual capacity (with ramp factored in)
- If capacity is < 80% of demand: cut roadmap, hire faster, or borrow
Critical Role Bench Planning
For top 20–50 roles:
- Identify critical roles (loss = significant disruption)
- Name backups (not always 1:1; sometimes a combination)
- Identify development gap to readiness
- Track retention signal
Don't import enterprise 9-box succession at 50 people. Do build informal bench review at 200+.
Contractor vs. Employee
Classification matters legally (DOL, state AGs). Common factors:
- Behavioral control (does the company direct how the work is done?)
- Financial control (who provides tools, sets pricing, bears risk?)
- Type of relationship (written contract, benefits, expectation of permanence?)
When in doubt, classify as employee — misclassification is expensive.
EOR (Employer of Record) services support international hiring without setting up local entities. EOR adds overhead but reduces complexity.
Planning Cadences
- Annual: full plan; tied to fundraise / revenue plan
- Quarterly: re-forecast; reconcile actual vs. plan
- Monthly: ATS funnel review; pacing check
- Ad-hoc: pivot points (new product line, M&A, market changes)
Common Failures
- Hockey-stick hiring plans disconnected from revenue
- "We need a Head of X" reflex without articulating the work
- Backfilling vs. rebuilding (auto-backfill when role should be eliminated)
- Contractor sprawl (classification risk)
- Cost-of-living illusion (assuming all geos are equally productive at the same comp)
- Founder span explosion (no plan to add layer)
- No succession for the founder
Output Format
Headcount plan spreadsheet:
- Tab 1: Plan by quarter (function, role, level, geo, start date, ramp, fully-loaded cost)
- Tab 2: Roadmap → capacity mapping
- Tab 3: Critical role bench
- Tab 4: Ramp assumptions and historicals
- Tab 5: Reconciliation to financial plan
Cross-References
workforce-planner agent
people-strategy-roadmap skill
org-design-principles skill
talent-acquisition-strategist agent
Key References
- Hoffman, R., & Casnocha, B. (2014). The Alliance.
- Boudreau, J., & Ramstad, P. (2007). Beyond HR.
- Industry practitioner work on workforce planning at growth-stage tech